GI

Question 1

What artery supplies the transverse colon?

Answer 1

Middle colic artery

Question 2

What artery supplies the ascending colon?

Answer 2

Right colic artery

Question 3

What arteries supply the illeum and jejunum?

Answer 3

Jejunal and ileal arteries, arterial arcases and vasa recta

Question 4

What arteries supplies the illeum, cecum, appendix?

Answer 4

Ileocolic artery

Question 5

What supplies the descending colon?

Answer 5

Left colic artery

Question 6

What supplies the sigmoid colon?

Answer 6

Sigmoid artery

Question 7

Rectum is supplied by:

Answer 7

Superior rectal artery

Question 8

Wht are the portosystemic anastomoses for esophagael varices? and clinical significance?

Answer 8

left gastric and azygous vein

Question 9

What are the portosystemic anastomoses for umbilicus and clinical significance?

Answer 9

paraumbilical and inferior epigastric
caput medusa

Question 10

What are the portosystemic anastomoses for rectum and clinical significance?

Answer 10

superior rectal vein–middle and inferior rectal vein
hemorrhoids

Question 11

Begins digestion of carbohydrates, particularly starches, by hydrolyzing α-1,4 bonds to form disaccharides. It is inactivated by the low pH of the stomach:

Answer 11

a- amylase or ptyallin

Question 12

Begins digestion of lipids; breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides. It is capable of continued digestion within the stomach. In contrast to pancreatic lipase, it can cleave fatty acids from all three
positions on a triglyceride:

Answer 12

lingual lipase

Question 13

The composition of saliva:

Answer 13

high in bicarbonate and potassium
low in Na and cl

Question 14

What happens at high flow rates of saliva?

Answer 14

Ductal cells decrease Na reabsorption and K secretion, however bicorbonate secretion increases.

Question 15

In low flow rate states, saliva is ________ relative to plasma

Answer 15

Hypotonic; with low Na+ and Cl- and high K+

Question 16

In the first step of the deglutition, what is the purpose of the soft palate?

Answer 16

to prevent reflux of into the nasal cavities

Question 17

In the second step, what constricts and why?

Answer 17

Palatopharyngeal folds constrict to only allow allow properly masticated foods to pass

Question 18

Third step of deglutition is?

Answer 18

closure of the epiglottis over the trachea

Question 19

What happens to the Upper esophageal sphincter? (4th step)

Answer 19

It relaxes in <1 second and peristalsis wave moves bolus to pharynx to esophagus. During this phase breathing is inhibited

Question 20

What controls esophagael phase?

Answer 20

Both swallowing and enteric nervous system.

Question 21

What happens during esophagael phase?

Answer 21

Movement of the food to the stomach, the lower esophagael sphincters relaxes as a result of vagal stimulation (VIP)

Question 22

What happens to UES after food passes?

Answer 22

It contracts to prevent reflux into pharynx

Question 23

What occurs in vomitting reflex?

Answer 23

Reverse peristalsis
Stomach and pylorus relaxes
forced inspiration
LES relaxes
Forced expulsion

Question 24

What is secreted in the body of the stomach and what are there functions?

Answer 24

Parietal cells- Secrete (H+) and IF- needed for B12 absorption
Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen (protein digestion)

Question 25

What is secreted in the antrum and function?

Answer 25

G cells- secrete gastrin, stimulates gastric acid, motility and growth of gastric mucosa Mucus- secreting cells releases both mucus and bicarbonate D cells-somatostatin--> inhibits gastrin

Question 26

What is the action of CCK?

Answer 26

Breaks down fat. Increases pancreatic secretion, gall bladder contraction, increases sphincter of oddi relaxation, and decreases gastric emptying

Question 27

What is the action of secretin?

Answer 27

Releases pancreatic bicarbonate, increases bile secretion and decreases gastric acid secretion. As bicarbonate increases, Cl- ions decreases because they are exchanged in apical surface

Question 28

What does GLIP do?

Answer 28

It decreases gastric H+ secretions, increases insulin release, and decreases gastric emptying -stimulated when there's fats, proteins and carbs present

Question 29

Produced by adipose tissue, decreases appetite

Answer 29

Leptin

Question 30

What stimulates intestinal water secretion, increases relaxation of smooth muscles and sphincters and counteracts gastrin in the stomach?

Answer 30

VIP

Question 31

What produces migratory motor complexes and increases in the fasting state

Answer 31

Motilin

Question 32

Alchasia occurs when the LES cannot relax. An increase in LES tone is due to the lost of what?

Answer 32

Loss of NO secretion

Question 33

Contractions of the stomach and small intestine during fasting conditions. These contractions occur in a cyclic motor pattern and prevent bacterial overgrowth (housekeeping). They repeat every 90–120 minutes and are mediated by motilin:

Answer 33

Migratory motor complexes

Question 34

Absence of MMC's lead to:

Answer 34

intestinal growth

Question 35

What are oscillating membrane potentials that are stimulated by interstitial cells of cajal and also called gastric slow waves?

Answer 35

Basal electric rhythm

Question 36

What has the highest and lowest frequency in BER?

Answer 36

Duodenum has the highest and stomach has the lowest

Question 37

Intrinsic factor abosrbs what and where does it occur?

Answer 37

Vitamin B12 and the ileum

Question 38

In pancreatic secretion, what ion is higher in low and high rates?

Answer 38

low rate- Cl- High rate - HCO3-

Question 39

Postprandial alkaline tide

Answer 39

an increase in bicarbonate in the plasma, and decrease in plasma chloride secondary to the surge of acid within the gastric lumen

Question 40

CO2 + H20 -> H+ and HCO3-

Answer 40

this reaction occurs via carbonic anhydrase