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FISH 205 > INTRO TO EVOLUTION PT. 1 & 2 > Flashcards

INTRO TO EVOLUTION PT. 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define evolution. (3)

A
  • decent with modification
  • change over time
  • all organisms are related through an unbroken chain of events
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2
Q

Why is evolution both fact and fiction?

A

fact: there is a genealogical connection between living things
theory: propositions used to explainthe causes of evolutionary change (i.e. darwin’s theory of natural selection)

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3
Q

what year did darwin propose his theory of natural selection?

A

1859

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4
Q

what ship did Darwin travel on?

A

HMS Beagle

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5
Q

what were Darwin’s three arguments for Natural Selection?

A
  • living things tend to multiply
  • progeny cannot all survive due to resources
  • living things vary; some are better equipped
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6
Q

who coined the term ‘survival of the fittest’?

A

Herbert Spencer

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7
Q

Darwin + Mendel =

A

Neodarwinism

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8
Q

Neo-Darwinism

A

Darwinism as modified by the findings of modern genetics

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9
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Pangenesis

A

‘Blending’ of genes

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10
Q

What Mendel called a ‘heritable factor’ is what we now call a ______.

A

gene

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11
Q

An organism with two identical alleles for a character is said to be ______ for the gene controlling that character

A

homozygous

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12
Q

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is said to be ______ for the gene controlling that character

A

heterozygous

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13
Q

are heterozygotes or homozygotes true-breeding?

A

homozygotes

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14
Q

What concept did Mendel work with?

A

Inheritance

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15
Q

how many pairs of genes are in humans?

A

22 autosome, 1 sex chromosome

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16
Q

August Weisemann

A

germ plasm theory, inheritance takes place by means of the germ cells. Somatic cells do not function as agents of heredity

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17
Q

germ cell

A

gametes (egg or sperm cells)

18
Q

Somatic cell

A

non-reproductive cells

19
Q

mitosis

A

cell growth

2N > 2N

20
Q

meiosis

A

chromosome number halved

2N>1N

21
Q

what are four causes of gene variations?

A
  • combination
  • reassortment
  • dominance/supression
  • mutation
22
Q

who revealed an elegant double-helical model for the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

23
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

24
Q

what traits does DNA pass on?

A

biochemical, anatomical, physiological and behavioural

25
Q

Four bits that make up DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

26
Q

What pairs with Adenine?

A

Thymine

27
Q

what pairs with Guanine?

A

Cytosine

28
Q

what is Watson and Crick’s model’s name? what does it mean?

A

semiconservative model of replication. when the double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one new strand

29
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA>DNA

30
Q

Transcription

A

DNA>RNA

31
Q

what is another name for polypeptide?

A

protein. many amino acids

32
Q

what does PCR stand for? what does it mean?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction.

can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA

33
Q

what are the three steps of PCR, and what is this process called?

A

thermo cycling.

  • heating
  • cooling
  • replication
34
Q

what is the ‘key’ to PCR?

A

Taq polymerase, a heat-stable dna polymerase.

35
Q

three things that DNA cloning allow researchers to do:

A
  • compare genes and alleles between individuals
  • locate gene expression in a body
  • determine the role of a gene in an organism
36
Q

sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

37
Q

what is a ‘rooted’ phylogenic tree?

A

includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

38
Q

basal taxon

A

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

39
Q

PCR: basic concept

A
  • allows us to sequence DNA

- used to understand relationships and produce phylogenetic hypothesis

40
Q

Watson and Crick discovered:

A

DNA

41
Q

what are three problems associated with Natural Selection?

A

This theory strips comforts as:

  • a guaruntee of progress
  • a principle of natural harmony
  • any notion of an inherent goal or purpose

FISH 205 (19 decks)

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