intro to diabetes and normal metabolism

Question 1

what cells secrete insulin and glycogen?

Answer 1

islets of langerhans
- alpha - glucagon
- beta - insulin

Question 2

outline the process of glucose causing insulin secretion - GLUT2

Answer 2

• glucose enters cell via GLUT2
• glucose metabolised into ATP
• increasing ATP causes K channels to close and Ca channels to open
• Ca enters cell and causes insulin-containing granules to move to membrane and bind to release

Question 3

whats the role of GLUT4 (that whole process)

Answer 3

• insulin binds to insulin receptor
• this signals GLUT4 to bind to membrane allowing more glucose to enter through GLUT4 in addition to GLUT2 when theres an increase in insulin

Question 4

define diabetes

Answer 4

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism catagorised by hyperglyceamia

Question 5

name the causes of mortality and morbidity from diabetes.

Answer 5

• acute hyperglycaemia leads to DKA and hyperosmotic state
• chronic hyperglycaemia leads to macro and micro vascular issues
• side effects from medication - hypoglycaemia

Question 6

pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.

Answer 6

Severe insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of the  cell (initiated by genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers)

Question 7

pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

Answer 7

Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion due to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors (obesity and lack of physical activity)

Recent research indicates lipid deposition in liver and pancreas lead to both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

Question 8

how does sulphonylureas work?

Answer 8

stimulate insulin releease by binding to B-cell receptors

Question 9

how does thiazolinediones work?

Answer 9

• bind to nuclear receptor PPARy to activate genes concerned with glucose uptake and utilisation and lipid metabolism