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Fall A&P > Intro to cell/Physiology lecture 4 > Flashcards

Intro to cell/Physiology lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Most cells have a nucleus that is surrounded by a membrane and contains…

A

..a copy of our DNA/chromosomes (half from mom/half from dad) and nucleolus (site of very active DNA).

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2
Q

What makes up the wall of the nucleus?

A

2 phospholipid bilayers

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3
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Easy for things to leave the nucleus through pores.

Difficult for things to come into the nucleus.

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4
Q

Why is it difficult to get things into the nucleus?

A

You don’t want something coming in (ex: virus) and re-writing or inhibiting DNA

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5
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Fluid inside nucleus

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid outside nucleus

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

A

Double walled structure surrounding nucleus
(looks like coral or sponge)
Stores Ca++ inside

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8
Q

Function of E.R.

A

Protect nucleus and DNA

“Make things”

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9
Q

2 types of E.R.:

A

Agranular E.R. (smooth)

Granular E.R. (rough)

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10
Q

Agranular E.R.

A

Smooth

lipid formation

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11
Q

Granular E.R.

A

Rough
Protein formation
Ribosomes site on surface

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

The machines that create protein

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13
Q

Steps of protein formation (gene to protein)

A
  1. Gene must be read (transcription)
  2. Message must be created (RNA) (transcription)
  3. RNA sent to granular E.R.
  4. Message decoded by ribosomes (translation)
  5. Amino acids are used to make protein
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14
Q

Transcription

A

The process of reading DNA and forming RNA

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15
Q

Translation

A

The process ribosomes use to turn RNA message into protein

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16
Q

Amino acids used to from protein:

A 
Alanine
Cysteine
Histidine
Phenylalanine
Serine
Proline
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17
Q

Intracellular concentration of AA:

A

Higher than outside cell

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Place where protein modification occurs

19
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Transport proteins from E.R. to golgi apparatus

20
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

Transport proteins from golgi apparatus to where they need to be

21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Use hydrolysis to break things up (unneeded lipids, dysfunctional proteins)

22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Enzyme splits H2O and puts the H+ on one molecule, then puts OH on another molecule, breaking apart the structure (see lecture 4 at 0:42:50)

23
Q

Lysosomes need what kind of pH to operate?

A

Acidic

24
Q

Where do Lysosomes originate from?

A

Golgi apparatus

25
Q

Peroxisome

A

Use oxidation to break things up (dysfunctional structures, structures in excess, bacteria/virus)

26
Q

Oxidation

A

Uses H2O2

27
Q

Catalase

A

Enzyme found in peroxisomes. It controls the rate of production/loss of H2O2

28
Q

Hydrolase

A

Enzyme found in Lysosomes

29
Q

Mitocondria

A

Produces ATP (requires oxygen)

30
Q

For every 1 molecule of glucose the cell takes in, what is the net total of ATP produced?

A

38 ATP

31
Q

Glycolysis produces..

A

2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid (doesn’t require oxygen)

32
Q

Pyruvic acid can be turned into..

A

Acetyl- CoA

33
Q

Acetyl- CoA

A

Used to build stuff (ex: cholesterol) and is an important energy compound

34
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Uses Acetyl-CoA to produce multiple things including 2 ATP. (requires oxygen)

35
Q

Where do mitochondria and peroxisomes come from?

A

They are capable of self replicating

36
Q

What determines the number of mitochondria in a cell?

A

The metabolic requirements of the cell. (more if cell is very active, less if cell is dormant)

37
Q

DNA in mitocondria

A

Have their own set
about 30 DNA
all comes from mother

38
Q

Free floating ribosomes

A

About 10% of ribosomes are floating in cytoplasm. They can produce proteins but are not the main source.

39
Q

HIV

A

HIV uses an enzyme called “reverse transcriptase” to work backwards. It uses RNA to rewrite DNA

40
Q

Insulin example of protein making precess

A

Proinsulin gene –> golgi apparatus –> CPeptide and Insulin

41
Q

The carbs on the outside of cells attract..

A

cations, which contribute to the positive gradient outside and negative gradient inside cell (electrogenic)

42
Q

How does Na+K+ pumps function as a “cell diuretic”

A

If the pump slows down Na+ isn’t being pumped from cell as quickly causing increase in Na+. This causes an increase in osmolarity and more water comes into the cell to try and dilute the Na+

43
Q

VMax

A

Transporter proteins in facilitated diffusion are saturated and transporting as fast as possible

Fall A&P (10 decks)

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