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Fall A&P > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rostral

A

Up and to the front

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2
Q

Caudal/caudad

A

Back and down

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3
Q

Sagittal plane

A

a cut from anterior to posterior (between the eyes)

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4
Q

Coronal plane

A

a cut from right lateral to left lateral (ear to ear)

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5
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Separates top and bottom

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6
Q

Oblique plane

A

An angled plane

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7
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • Most advanced part of CNS
  • Outer most part of brain (cerebral)
  • Where we think, process, and remember
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8
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Inner part of brain

- contains hypothalamus (major regulator of sensing what is going on in body)

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9
Q

Brian steam location:

and 3 sections:

A

Under diencephalon

Midbrain (superior)
Pons
Medulla oblongata (Inferior)

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10
Q

Spinal cord decent ____ of the way down the spinal canal.

A

2/3

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11
Q

Sulcus/sulci

A

“grooves” or depressions on surface of brain

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12
Q

Gyrus/gyri

A

“lump” on surface of brain

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13
Q

Fissure

A

“really deep grooves”

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14
Q

4 main lobes of the brain:

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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15
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Inferior to temporolateral fissure.

Processes hearing.

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16
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Superior to temporolateral fissure.
Anterior to central sulcus.
Thinking, personality, motor cortex

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17
Q

Parietal lobe

A 
aka Somatosensory cortex
Posterior to central sulcus.
Superior to occipital lobe.
Primary sensory area.
All peripheral sensory information comes here.
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18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

aka vision cortex.

Back of brain.

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19
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Lump immediately posterior to central sulcus.

Sensory cortex.

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20
Q

Pre-central gyrus

A

Lump immediately anterior to central sulcus.

Primary motor cortex (controls skeletal muscle).

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21
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Lump immediately anterior to pre-central gyrus.

Thinking and planning of motor event.

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22
Q

White matter

A

Sending message part.
Myelinated axons.
More energy efficient than grey matter.

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23
Q

Gray matter

A

Decision-making part.
Lots of cell bodies and dendrites.
Some axons.
Requires more energy than white matter.

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24
Q

What % of O2 and glucose delivered to the brain is used by grey matter?

A

75%

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25
Q

Cingular gyrus

A

Just above corpus callosum. Involved with pain, emotions, limbic system (feelings)

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26
Q

Corpus callosum

A

cross talk between right and left side of the brain. White matter.

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27
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Function: word formation
Location: frontal lobe

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28
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Function: language comprehension and intelligence
Location: temporal lobe

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29
Q

Limbic system

A

has to do with emotions. Includes cingular gyrus and some parts of temporal lobe.

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30
Q

Sensory signals in spinal cord:

A

Ascending pathways

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31
Q

Motor signals in spinal cord:

A

Descending pathways

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32
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

Wide deep groove in front of spinal cord

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33
Q

Posterior median sulcus

A

Deep groove but not very wide. located in back of spinal cord.

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34
Q

Anterior white commissure

A

Small path of white matter that allows signals to get from one side of spinal cord to another, however most stay on the side they are sent or received from.

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35
Q

Lamina X

A

Small path of grey matter that allows signal in spinal cord to cross from one side to the other

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36
Q

Dorsal horns of spinal cord

A

Grey matter that protrudes into white matter posterior. Sensory input

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37
Q

Ventral horns of spinal cord

A

grey matter that protrudes into white matter anterior. Motor output

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38
Q

Rootlets

A

Small bundles of neurons that are going into the back and coming out the front of spinal cord. They all join together to create spinal nerves

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39
Q

Posterior VS anterior rootlets

A

Posterior rootlets have spinal ganglia and deal with sensory transmission.
Anterior rootlets do not have ganglia (bc the cell bodies are in the spinal cord) and they deal with motor transmission.

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40
Q

Ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies outside CNS (usually like-minded)

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41
Q

The peripheral nervous system starts..

A

..where rootlets come together to create spinal nerves.

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42
Q

Cranial meninge layers: (superior to inferior)

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Space for CSF and vessels
  • Pia mater
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43
Q

CSF function and properties:

A
  • provides energy and pH buffer
  • carries away waste
  • shouldn’t contain any RBCs
  • may contain a few WBCs
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44
Q

Concentration of ions in CSF:

A 
[K+] 40% lower than blood
[Cl-] 30% higher than blood
[Na+] about the same as blood
[glucose] 60mg/dL
[HCO3-]
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45
Q

How long will it take for someone to lose consciousness if their blood flow to the brain were completely cut off?

A

5-15seconds

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46
Q

pH of CSF:

A

pH 7.31

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47
Q

Normal CSF pressure (ICP):

A

8-12mmHg

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48
Q

Normal quantity of CSF:

A

150mL

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49
Q

Normal CSF production rate:

A

500mL/day

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50
Q

Type of glial cells that produce CSF:

A

Ependymal cells

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51
Q

Locations of ependymal cells:

A

-Primarily in ventricles.

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52
Q

Choroid plexus

A

A tissue made up of a bunch of ependymal cells.

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53
Q

Location of Choroid Plexus:

A
  • Lateral ventricles (largest producer of CSF)

- 3rd/4th ventricles

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54
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Where CSF is removed and enters the venous system.

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55
Q

Vessel where arachnoid granulations are located:

A

Superior Sagittal Sinus

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56
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord descends into the spinal column.

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57
Q

Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)

A

Connects and allows CSF drainage from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle.

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58
Q

Cerebral Aquaeduct (Foramen of Silvius)

A

Connects and allows CSF drainage from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle.

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59
Q

Lateral aperture

A

Extends out laterally from both sides of the 4th ventricle and allows CSF to drain out laterally and around anterior of brain stem.

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60
Q

Median aperture

A

Allows CSF to flow out the back of the 4th ventricle and circulate around the cerebellum.

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61
Q

Central Canal

A

A canal that runs from 4th ventricle down the length of the spinal cord where CSF flows down.

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62
Q

Cerebellomedullary cistern (aka cisterna magna)

A

area that holds a lot of CSF under cerebellum and behind brain stem

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63
Q

Venous blood flow through brain:

A

Superior and Inferior sagittal sinuses –> sinus confluence –> transverse sinuses –> sigmoid sinuses –> jugular veins.

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64
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Ridged connective tissue that divides the left and right cerebral cortex.

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65
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Ridged connective tissue that separates occipital lobe and cerebellum.

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66
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

Feeds brain.

Main feed arteries into the circle of willis

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67
Q

External carotid artery

A

Feeds side of face and back of head.

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68
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Branch off at more lateral and distal point than the carotids. They are carried up through the C-spine and through the foramen magnum.

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69
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Circle of arteries in the brain

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70
Q

Basilar artery

A

is on the anterior surface of the brain stem and feeds the posterior of the C of W. It’s created by the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries.

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71
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

One of the main output arteries of the circle of willis.

Feeds anterior part of cerebral cortex.

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72
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

One of the main output arteries of the circle of willis. Larger than anterior cerebral artery because it feeds more tissue.

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73
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

One of main output arteries of the circle of willis. Provides bulk of blood flow to posterior portions of the brain.

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74
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A

connects posterior cerebral artery with middle cerebral/internal carotid artery.

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75
Q

Anterior communicating artery

A

connects right and left anterior cerebral arteries.

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76
Q

3 cerebellar arteries:

A
  • Superior cerebellar artery
  • Anteroinferior cerebellar artery
  • Posteroinferior cerebellar artery
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77
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

Bleed outside of dura mater.
Usually from crush injury or fx skull.
Common in MVAs.

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78
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Too much fluid/bleeding between dura and arachnoid layers.

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79
Q

Subarachnoid hematoma

A

Bleeding in arachnoid space.

Very difficult to fix because clot becomes one with neural tissue.

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80
Q

Upper limit autoregulation (ULA)

A

The point at which brain blood vessels can’t constrict any further, as a response to high BP

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81
Q

lower limit autoregulation (LLA)

A

The point at which brain blood vessels can’t relax any further, as a response to low BP.

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82
Q

If we can’t auto regulate profusion in the brain we risk…

A

over perfusion with high BP and under perfusion with low BP.

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83
Q

Over perfusion of brain can cause..

A

increases in ICP.

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84
Q

Auto-regulation is important in the brain as well as the…

A

spinal cord and kidneys.

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85
Q

Normal volume of cerebral blood flow:

A

750-900ml/min

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86
Q

If we have a drop in pCO2 of 4mmHg, what precent drop do we have in brain blood flow?

A

20%

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87
Q

An increase in metabolism of the brain results in an increase CO2 level which will cause the brain blood vessels to….

A

relax (increase ICP).

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88
Q

A decrease in metabolism of the brain results in a decrease CO2 level which will cause the brain blood vessels to…

A

constrict (decrease ICP).

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89
Q

How many Cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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90
Q

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 (same number of ribs)

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91
Q

How many Lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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92
Q

How many Sacral vertebrae are there?

A

In adults, 1 sacral made of 5 fused sacral vertebrae (fused by age 18)

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93
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

In adults, 2 coccygeal vertebrae (started with 4, then 3 fused together)

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94
Q

Lordosis

A

curved anteriorly (convex)

95
Q

Kyphosis

A

curved posteriorly (concave)

96
Q

Curvature of C-spine

A

Lordosis

97
Q

Curvature of T-spine

A

Kyphosis

98
Q

Curvature of L-spine

A

Lordosis

99
Q

Curvature of sacral spine

A

Kyphosis

100
Q

Pathologic Lordosis

A

Usually of the L-spine (sever arched lower back)

Can be C-spine

101
Q

Pathologic Kyphosis

A

Usually of T-spine (hunchback)

102
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

Kyphosis and scoliosis

103
Q

New born curvature is more..

A

kyphotic

104
Q

Vertebral body

A

Large boney structure of vertebrae.
supports weight.
Bodies are small at top of spine and larger at bottom.

105
Q

Vertebral arch

A

U-shape boney structure the sticks off vertebral body and protects spinal cord.

106
Q

Pedicle

A

Anterior part of vertebral arch

107
Q

Lamina

A

Posterior part of vertebral arch

108
Q

Transverse process

A

Boney projection off the lateral sides of the vertebral arch

109
Q

Spinous process

A

Boney projection off the posterior side of vertebral arch

110
Q

Superior articular process

A

Boney structure sticking off vertebral arch that allows the vertebrae to connect to the vertebrae ABOVE it

111
Q

Inferior articular process

A

Boney structure sticking off vertebral arch that allows the vertebrae to connect to the vertebrae BELOW it

112
Q

Facet joint

A

Joint where a process surface and cartilage (facet) come together with another facet.

113
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Where spinal cord passes through vertebrae.

114
Q

Occipital condyle

A

Projections from the base of the skull that connect skull to C1

115
Q

Superior articular facet of C1

A

place on C1 where occipital condyle connects.

116
Q

C1

A

Atlas
Only vertebrae without a vertebral body.
Has anterior and posterior tubercles.
Has facet of dens.

117
Q

Facet of Dens

A

on the anterior side of the spinal canal and is where the dens on C2 connects to C1

118
Q

Transverse foramen

A

holes in the transverse processes of the C-spine where the vertebral arteries pass through.

119
Q

C2

A

Axis

Dens projects from anterior of vertebrae.

120
Q

Dens (odontoid process)

A

a projection unique to C2 that comes off anterior part of C2 and connects with anterior tubercle of C1

121
Q

Anterior articular facet of C2

A

place on the Dens where it connects with the facet of dens on C1

122
Q

What is a bifid process?

What vertebrae are they located on?

A

A split spinous process.
C2-C5
sometimes C6
not on C7

123
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Runs along the anterior side of the vertebral bodies and spans the entire length of the spine.

124
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Runs along the posterior side of the vertebral bodies and spans the entire length of the spine.

125
Q

Inter-transverse ligament

A

Runs along the tips of the transverse processes.

126
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Connects all the spinous process together.

127
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Is directly deep to supraspinous ligament. Runs between each spinous process and is not continuous down the whole length of spine.

128
Q

Lamina Flava

A
  • Runs between each lamina of the vertebral arch, not continuous down the spine.
  • Made up of different, more stretchy tissue than other ligaments.
129
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

the expanded part of the supraspinous ligament from the base of the skull through the c-spine.

130
Q

Anterior and posterior Atlanto-occipital ligaments

A

connect C1 to base of skull one at anterior part of spine and the other at the posterior part of spine.

131
Q

Inter-vertebral foramen

A

openings on the side of the spine where the spinal nerves exit

132
Q

Inter-laminar foramen

A

opening on posterior side of spine between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae.

133
Q

Costal facets:

A

superior, inferior, and costal facet on transverse process.

location where rib connects to vertebrae of T-spine.

134
Q

3 parts of sternum:

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process.
135
Q

Sternal angle

A

connection between manubrium and body of sternum.

136
Q

Which rib connects to both the manubrium and the body of the sternum?

A

Rib 2

137
Q

Costal tubercle

A

part of the rib that connects to the transverse process.

138
Q

Spinal nerves location according to their parent vertebrae

A

C1-C7 spinal nerves exit just above the vertebrae they are named after.
C8 spinal nerve exits between C7 and T1.
From T1 spinal nerve down, the nerves exit just below the vertebrae they are named after.

139
Q

Transverse line

A

location on sacral where vertebrae fused.

140
Q

Promontory

A

round spot at top of sacral where L5 sits.

141
Q

Sacral canal

A

Located behind the promontory.
Created by the vertebral foramen after fusion of the 5 vertebrae.
Goes through to the bottom of the sacrum.

142
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

opening of the sacral canal at the bottom of the sacrum.

143
Q

Anterior and posterior sacral foramina

A

4 openings on each side of the sacrum. Anterior or posterior depending on the direction you are looking

144
Q

What is unique about the sacral spinal nerves?

A

In other spinal nerves the dorsal and ventral roots are fused and come out at the side.
In sacral spinal nerves, part of the nerves exits the posterior sacral foramen and part exits the anterior sacral foramen.

145
Q

Coccygeal nerves

A

exit the sacral hiatus

146
Q

Median sacral crest

A

result of fusion of the spinal processes in the sacrum.

147
Q

Lateral sacral crest

A

the result of fusion of the transverse processes. One on each side of the sacrum.

148
Q

Medial sacral crest

A

the result of fusion of the superior and inferior articular processes.

149
Q

Sacral cornu

A

small bumps on each side of the sacral hiatus

150
Q

Coccyx

A

Consist of 2 vertebrae.
Top vertebra is largest.
Bottom vertebra consist of the fusion of 3 vertebrae.

151
Q

iliac crest

A

top of pelvis

152
Q

If we draw a horizontal line at the level of the iliac crest, what vertebra would be at that line?

A

L4

153
Q

Common place for CSF draws or epidural placement?

A

L3-L5

154
Q

Posterior superior iliac spine

A

on pelvis medial and inferior to the iliac crest. Can be palpated

155
Q

What does the posterior superior iliac spine help us locate?

A

go 1 cm midline and 1 cm inferior to Posterior Superior Iliac Spine, we are at S2 posterior sacral foramen

156
Q

Anterior superior iliac spine

A

front and top of pelvis

157
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

connects Anterior Superior Iliac Spine and pubic tubercle. Should be able to palpate regardless of someone’s BMI

158
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Cartilage in between pubic tubercles where pelvis comes together.

159
Q

Vertebral Prominens

A

C7 most prominent cervical spinous process.

160
Q

Transumbilical plane

A

horizontal line at naval, level of L3-4

161
Q

An adult Larynx should be around the level of what vertebra?

A

C5

162
Q

For an infant, the larynx should be around the level of what vertebra?

A

C4

163
Q

For a pre-term infant, the larynx should be around the level of what vertebra?

A

C3

164
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A 
Gel part of disk located in the center of vertebral disk.
Can shift (herniation)
165
Q

Anulus fibrosis

A

Fibrous layer surrounding nucleus pulposus.

Has crossing fiber system on anterior side that makes it strong.

166
Q

Hyaline cartilage end plate

A

Thin layer of cartilage between the disks and the vertebral bodies

167
Q

At what level of the spine does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

168
Q

Targets in spine for infusion of drugs:

A
  • Interlaminar foramen of L3-L4-L5
  • Sacral hiatus
  • Posterior S2 foramen
169
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

notch on back of occipital lobe that is a point of fastening for the supraspinous ligaments

170
Q

Around the spinal cord, the largest amount of CSF is located..

A

..in the subarachnoid space.

171
Q

Conus medullaris

A

point of termination of the spinal cord (L2)

172
Q

2 points of enlargement of spinal cord:

A
  • Cervical (upper limbs) (C3-6)

- Lumbar (lower limbs) (T11-L1)

173
Q

Cuada equina

A

spinal roots that come off the base of the spinal cord.

174
Q

Location of conus medullaris in newborns:

A

L3

175
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

aka dural sac
wrapping that contains large amount of CSF and spinal roots.
In an adult, it extends down to S2.

176
Q

Internal filum terminale

A

Anchors neural tissue to inside base of dural sac

177
Q

External filum terminale

A

Anchors dural sac to the sacral hiatus and coccygeal vertebrae

178
Q

layers to go through for epidural placement:

A

skin–> subcutaneous tissue–> spinous ligament–> intraspinous ligament–> ligamentum flava–> epidural space

179
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

top of C-spine.

Motor output to lungs.

180
Q

High points of spine if patient is laying supine:

for epidural considerations

A

Lumbar (L3)

C-spine

181
Q

Low points of spine if patient is laying supine:

for epidural considerations

A

Sacrum

T-spine (T5-6)

182
Q

Ascending pathways

A

Sensory

Afferent

183
Q

Descending pathways

A

Motor
Efferent
aka Corticospinal tract
aka pyramidal pathway

184
Q

There are more ascending or descending pathways?

A

Ascending

185
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system:

location

A

Medial posterior afferent pathways that sit between the 2 dorsal horns.

186
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system:

sends what kind of signals

A

Sends sensory information including pin prick, fine vibrations, fine pressure, and things we can consciously feel. ex: tickled by feather.

187
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system:

neurons

A 
large myelinated (A-alpha fibers)
Fast
188
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system:

where does crossover happen

A

Lemniscus of the Medulla (bottom part of the medulla)

189
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system:

single pathway from periphery to brain

A

Dorsal root (and ganglia)–> dorsal ascending column–> up cord–> crossover at lemniscus of medulla–> up to thalamus–> to somatosensory cortex

190
Q

Fasciculus Gracilus

A

Part of the DCML pathway that contains lower limb sensory information
(medial part of DCML, depending on level of spinal cord)

191
Q

Fasciculus Cuneatus

A

Part of the DCML pathway that contains upper limb sensory information
(lateral parts of DCML)

192
Q

Ventrobasal complex

A

specific part of the thalamus that routs singals to where they need to go

193
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Primary descending motor pathway

Carries >80% of motor signals

194
Q

Steps in signal pathway through lateral corticospinal tract starting in brain:

A

Motor cortex–> Internal capsule–> Medulla pyramids–> cross over at pyramidal decussations–> down spinal cord

195
Q

Anterior Corticospinal tract

A

Secondary descending motor pathway

196
Q

Difference in crossover of the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts:

A

LCT crosses over at pyramidal decussations

ACT crosses over at the level of the spinal cord where the signal is sent out.

197
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

aka Anterolateral system
Pain transmission
2 parts: Anterior and lateral

198
Q

Numbering system for lamina:

A

Rexed’s Laminae

199
Q

Name of Lamina 1

A

Lamina Marginalis

200
Q

Name of laminae 2 and 3

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

201
Q

Mechanoreceptors have connections at what laminae?

A

Laminae 1-6

202
Q

Which lamina is associated with lateral grey matter horns if they are present?

A

Lamina 7

203
Q

Name of Lamina 7

A

Intermediolateral Nucleus

204
Q

2 Tracts that carry mechanoreceptor signals to cerebellum:

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Ventral spinocerebellar tract

205
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract:
Carries what kind of signal?
Where does it take the signal?

A

Mostly muscle spindle feedback.

Inferior cerebellar peduncle.

206
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract:
Carries what kind of signal?
Where does it take the signal?

A

Mostly golgi tendon feedback

Superior cerebellar peduncle.

207
Q

Proprioception

A

stretch sensors tell us where our body is at in space through a-beta fibers

208
Q

Slow pain:

Type of fiber

A

C-Fiber

209
Q

Slow pain:

location of cross over

A

Anterior white commissure

210
Q

Slow pain:

Ascending pathway

A

Anterior spinothalamic tract

aka paleospinothalamic tract

211
Q

Slow pain:

Lamina connections

A

Laminae 2, 3, 5

212
Q

Why is slow pain “slow”?

A
  • myelination state of fibers

- neurotransmitters used to transmit pain

213
Q

Slow pain neurotransmitters

A

CGRP, Glutamate, and substance P

214
Q

Lamina 5 is also associated with what kind of pain?

A

Visceral pain (organ)

215
Q

Where does most slow pain terminate?

A 
reticular formation (in the brain stem) or 
periventricular nuclei
216
Q

Fast pain:

Type of fiber

A

A-

217
Q

Fast pain:

location of crossover

A

Lamina X

218
Q

Fast pain:

ascending pathway

A

lateral spinothalamic tract

“Neospinothalamic tract”

219
Q

Fast pain:

Lamina connections

A

Lamina 1

220
Q

Fast pain:

neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

221
Q

What happens to fast pain signals when it reaches the brain?

A

It goes to the ventrobasal complex in the thalamus where it is distributed with other sensory information (from DCML) to the somatosensory cortex.

222
Q

Descending Inhibitory Complex (DIC) pathway

A

periventricular and periaqueductal gray –> enkephalin neuron –> Raphe Magnus (in pons) –> serotonergic neuron–> enkephalin neuron–> pain transmission at dorsal horn shut down

223
Q

2 Classes of glutamate receptors:

A

Metabotropic- GCPR

Ionotropic- ion channels

224
Q

Ionotropic glutamate receptors:

3 classes

A

AMPA-R
NMDA-R
Kainate-R

225
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cell
helps recycle glutamate
helps pull glutamate away from synapse so it doesn’t continue causing a signal.

226
Q

AMPA-R is selective for what ions?

A

Na+ and K+

227
Q

NMDA-R is selective fore what ions?

A

Na+, K+, and Ca++

228
Q

Magnesium gets stuck and prevents which receptor from opening? AMPA-R or NMDA-R

A

NMDA-R

229
Q

In slow pain transmission, PKC can activate..

A

1) COX2–> arachidonic acid–> PG–>PG-R on nociceptor–>increases glut., sP, and CGRP
2) NOS–> NO to nociceptor–> increases glut., sP, and CGRP
3) push more NMDA-R to cell wall

230
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

“wind up”
positive feedback
process of adding NDMA-R on pain signaling neurons

231
Q

Autoregulation pressure limits for spinal cord:

A

50-125

232
Q

A-alpha fibers

A

motor neurons

233
Q

A-beta fibers

A

muscle spindle and golgi tendon

234
Q

A-delta fibers

A

fast pain

Fall A&P (10 decks)

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