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Fall A&P > Intro to cell/physiology lecture 2 > Flashcards

Intro to cell/physiology lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Saturated lipid

A

All carbons in a lipid tail are bound to each other via single bonds and open spaces of carbons are filled with a proton. (see Schmidts drawing)

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2
Q

Unsaturated lipid

A

Contains a carbon to carbon double bond where the carbons involved can only bond to one proton. Puts a kink in tail.

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3
Q

How does a double bond change the cell wall?

A

Increases cell wall fluidity. The more double bonds the more fluidity the cell wall has

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4
Q

What kind of lipid is easier to break down?

A

unsaturated lipids

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5
Q

What does cholesterol do for the cell wall?

A

Structural support

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6
Q

How does cholesterol change the cell wall?

A

At body temperature, cholesterol stuck in the cell wall decreases cell wall fluidity.

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7
Q

Is cholesterol charged or uncharged?

A

Uncharged (non-polar)

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8
Q

How does cholesterol move though the body?

A

Carrier proteins. Cholesterol can’t move by itself.

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9
Q

Describe a carrier protein.

A

outside: charged, water soluble
inside: uncharged

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10
Q

Examples of carrier proteins that transport cholesterol.

A

LDL (lousy), HDL (healthy), VLDL

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11
Q

Cholesterol tends to accumulate where in the body?

A

Circulation of the liver and GI system

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12
Q

How is cholesterol used by the body?

A

Different enzymes drive chemical changes to create cholesterol metabolites.

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13
Q

examples of important cholesterol metabolites

A

Cortisol, Estradiol, Testosterone, Aldosterone

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14
Q

Where is arachidonic acid found?

A

in the cell wall

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15
Q

What do enzymes do in metabolism?

A

catalyze chemical steps creating metabolites

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16
Q

The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) to get prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxane (TX)

A

AA –(cox1, cox2)–> PGG2 –(cox1, cox2)–> PGH2 –> PGE2, PGI2, PGF2a, PGD2, TXA2

17
Q

COX1, COX2

A

Cyclooxygenase

18
Q

PG mediates..

A

Inflammation

19
Q

TXA2 mediates..

A

blood vessel induced vasospasms (if a vessel is bleeding, TXA2 clamps down the vessel)

20
Q

How do NSAIDS affect TXA2 production?

A

NSAIDS inhibit COX, therefore indirectly inhibiting TXA2. Can cause coagulation disorder.

21
Q

What metabolites of AA are associated with the kidneys?

A

EET, 20-HETE

22
Q

Lipoygenase (LO) metabolizes AA to create Leukotriene (LT) which is a mediator of..

A

inflammation but mostly immune system

23
Q

LT inhibitors treat what condition?

A

Asthma

24
Q

NSAIDS work in what 2 places and how?

A

1) spinal cord. prevent the signal of pain to the brain

2) Periphery to cut down on swelling. the less swelling, the less compression of nerves you have.

25
Q

“Phosphatidyl-“

A

means stuck to a phosphate that is embedded in the cell wall

26
Q

Phosphatidyl-choline (PCh)

A

Choline is an important neurotransmitter that turns to acetylcholine (runs your muscles, keeps you awake)

27
Q

Phosphatidyl-serine (cytosolic)

A

99.9% of all serine is on the inside boarder of cell walls. If cell breaks and serine is exposed, immune system comes and “chews it up.” If its exposed it because of a virus, bacteria, or dead human cell. (see picture on lecture 2 at 1:07:46)

28
Q

Phosphatidyl-inositol (PI)

A

Neurotransmitter important in controlling muscle contractions (primarily, smooth muscle)

29
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

Has a myelin attached to it.

30
Q

Important precursors in the cell membrane:

A 
Polyunsaturated fats/lipids
Arachidonic Acid (AA)
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
Phosphatidylserine (cytosolic)
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
Phosphatidylcholine (PCh)
Sphingomyelin
Cholesterol
31
Q

Water moves across the cell wall through..

A

..protein channels through simple diffusion

32
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

move down a concentration or electrical gradient. requires no energy. Glucose is transported this way. (see drawing on lecture 2 at 1:23:20)

33
Q

Active transport

A

Pumping UP a concentration or electrical gradient.

34
Q

Na+K+ pumps

A 
Active transport
Metabolize ATP for energy
1ATP molecule moves 5 ions
Pump 3 Na+ ions out
Pump 2 K+ ions in
NEVER pumps in reverse
35
Q

What happens to ATP when it is metabolized for energy?

A

A phosphate is taken off ATP to produce energy creating ADP and Pi

Fall A&P (10 decks)

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