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Fall A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Resting state of Na+ channel:

A

Activation gate closed, Inactivation gate open

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2
Q

Activated state of Na+ channel:

A

Both gates are open

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3
Q

Inactive state of Na+ channel:

A

Activation gate open, Inactivation gate closed

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4
Q

Deactivated state of Na+ channel:

A

Both gates closed

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5
Q

Speed of Na+ channels:

A

fast

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6
Q

Speed of K+ channels:

A

slow

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7
Q

As Na+ channels start to become inactive, K+ channels..

A

..start opening to speed up repolarization.

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8
Q

The equilibrium potential for Ca++ is..

A

..really positive.

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9
Q

2 factors that influence how fast an action potential travels down cell:

A

size (smaller=slower)

Insulation

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10
Q

Myelin producing cells in CNS:

A

Oligodendrocyte

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11
Q

Myelin producing cells in PNS:

A

Schwann cell

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12
Q

Which myelin producing cell is more likely to lay down new myelin when old myelin is damaged?

A

Schwann

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13
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Space between myelin where neuron is exposed

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14
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Na+ jumps from one node of ranvier to the next NofR.

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15
Q

Examples of demyelinating diseases:

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS), Optic Neuritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome

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16
Q

Causes of demyelinating diseases:

A

genetics, infection, autoimmune hyperactivity, polyneuropathies

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17
Q

CNS: Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

PNS: Peripheral nervous system

A

Place where our spinal nerves begin

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19
Q

ANS: Autonomic nervous system

A

Automated system that we aren’t aware of

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20
Q

Somatic

A

something we are aware of, opposite of ANS

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21
Q

A-fibers:

A

myelinated neuron
largest
fastest
-3 subsets

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22
Q

A-fiber 3 subsets:

A

Alpha(skeletal motor neuron & spinal cord), Beta, Gama, Delta (largest to smallest)

23
Q

B-fibers:

A

Lightly Myelinated

between A&C as far as size and myelination

24
Q

C-fibers:

A

Non-myelinated (sensory neurons)
smallest
slowest

25
Q

Neurons:

A

Decision makers, senders, and receivers.

Low rate at which they can replicate

26
Q

Glia cells:

A

(supporting cells) supporting cells vastly outnumber the neurons
Can replace themselves very quickly.
Usually make up nervous system tumors.

27
Q

Types of gila cells:

A

Astrocytes, Schwann, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia

28
Q

Astrocytes:

A

One of most prevalent supporting cells in CNS.
Star shape.
Make up big functional component of blood brain barrier.
Their appendages reach out and overlap around brain vessel walls.

29
Q

Microglia:

A

Support repairing damaged areas in CNS

30
Q

Axon

A

“Sending” information flows one way, connected to cell body

31
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

decision making portion, central portion

32
Q

Dendrites

A

receiving/collecting information

33
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause _____ at the dendrite.

A

depolarization

34
Q

Axon hillock

A

The place where the axon connects to the cell body

35
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

36
Q

When GABA receptors are stimulated…

A

..they allow cl- to move from outside to inside the cell.

37
Q

Types of neurons:

A

Multipolar, Unipolar, pseudounipolar & bipolar

38
Q

Multipolar neurons:

A

(decision making cell)

Control contraction of skeletal muscles

39
Q

Unipolar neuron:

A

not usually found in humans

40
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron:

A

Sensory neurons.
Signal can bypass the cell body.
Usual signal is “brain bound” .

41
Q

Bipolar neuron:

A

Sensory neurons (special senses, olfactory, taste, etc)

42
Q

Pre-synaptic potentials are almost always..

A

..inhibitory in nature.

43
Q

Gap junction

A

Pores that connect one cell to another to helps electrical signals move from one cell to the other without using a neurotransmitter.

44
Q

6 Connexin proteins make..

A

..a connexon

45
Q

2 connexons make..

A

..a gap junction

46
Q

Somatic sensory receptors

5 categories:

A

Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors, Proprioceptors, UV receptors

47
Q

Mechanoreceptors look for..

A

..force or stretch

48
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

pressure sensor (looks like finger print)

49
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

pressure sensor (looks like scrambled finger print)

50
Q

Muscle spindle

A

(looks like twizzle) looks at mechanical force, stress, and tension. Provides feed back to let brain know if the signal was carried out. (Pseudounipolar)

51
Q

Baroreceptors

A

sense stretch/pressure and send information to the brainstem

52
Q

location of baroreceptors:

A

Brainstem, Carotid body, and aortic arch

53
Q

Nerves used by Carotid baroreceptors:

A

sends signal through hering’s nerve to glossopharyngeal nerve to brain stem

Fall A&P (10 decks)

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