Intro to benign and malignant disease Flashcards
what is hypertrophy? is it reversible?
increase in cell size
reversible
what is hyperplasia? is it reversible?
increase in cell number
reversible
what is atrophy? is it reversible?
reduction in cell size due to loos of cell substance
reversible
what is hypoplasia? is it reversible?
Reduced size of an organ that never developed to normal size
Developmental defect
not reversible
what is metaplasia? is it reversible?
one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
reversible
what causes metaplasia?
adaptive response to stress, reprogramming of stem cells
is metaplasia a neoplastic disorder?
not in itself
metaplasia can manifest as ? and progress to ?
dysplasia
malignancy
what is dysplasia?
abnormal growth
pre-malignant and pre-invasive
what is neoplasia?
new growth -> disorder of growth control
what causes neoplasia?
change of the normal mechanisms that control cell number -> cell division and apoptosis
how are tumours classified?
by behaviour and histogenesis
what are the categories of tumour from behaviour?
benign and malignant
which one is benign and malignant?
growth pattern
1. Infiltrate locally and metastasise (spread)
2. Localised, encapsulated
- malignant
- benign
which one is benign and malignant?
growth rate
1. faster
2. slower
- malignant
- benign
which one is benign and malignant?
clinical effects
1. Local pressure effects, hormone secretions
2. Local pressure and destruction,
Inappropriate hormone secretion,
Distant metastases
- benign
- malignant
which one is benign and malignant?
treatment
1. Local excision
2. Excision +/- additional therapy e.g. chemo
- benign
- malignant
which one is benign and malignant?
histology
1. Variable, many differ from tissue of origin
2. Resembles tissue of origin
- malignant
- benign
which one is benign and malignant?
nuclei
1. Small, regular, uniform
2. Larger pleomorphic (vary in size and shape)
- benign
- malignant
which one is benign and malignant?
mitoses
1. Increased, often numerous, abnormal forms
2. Few, normal
- malignant
- benign
tumours are classified by histogenesis, what does this mean?
the cell type they resemble - differentiation
learn/recognise
histogenesis classification
what is tumour prognosis?
prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease
what is tumour prognosis determined by?
tumour:
type
grade
stage
how does tumour type help determine prognosis?
Knowing patterns of spread aids diagnosis, staging and treatment
what is tumour grade and how does it help determine prognosis?
Histological assessment of how well differentiated the tumour is
Well differentiated = better prognosis than poorly differentiated tumours
what is tumour stage?
anatomically how advanced it is
what is the major determinant for the prognosis and treatment of tumours?
tumour stage
what classification is used to determine stage of most cancers?
‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
what does T mean?
extent of primary tumour
‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
what does N mean?
absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis (spread of tumour)
‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’
what does M mean?
describes the absence or presence of distant metastasis
in ‘TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours’ each component is given a number
what does a higher number mean?
more extensive disease and poorer prognosis
