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Biology 3100 > Intro to anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Intro to anatomy and physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the chemical levels of organization?

A

– Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
– Molecules consist of groups of atoms

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2
Q

What is the cellular level of organization?

A

– A tissue is a group of cells working together

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3
Q

What is the organ level of organization

A

Organs are made of two or more tissues working together

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4
Q

What is organ system

A

An organ system is a group of interacting organs

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5
Q

List the organ systems?

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive system

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6
Q

List the major organs in the integumentary system and functions

A

Major organs
* Skin
* Hair
* Sweat glands
* Nails
– Functions
* Protects against environmental hazards
* Helps regulate body temperature
* Provides sensory information

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7
Q

List the organs in the skeletal system and function

A

– Major organs
* Bones
* Cartilages
* Associated ligaments
* Bone marrow
– Functions
* Provides support and protection for other tissues
* Stores calcium and other minerals
* Forms blood cells

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8
Q

List the organs in the muscular system and functions

A

– Major organs
* Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
– Functions
* Provides movement
* Provides protection and support for other tissues
* Generates heat that maintains body temperature

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9
Q

List the organs in the nervous system and functions

A

– Major organs
* Brain and spinal cord
* Peripheral nerves
* Sense organs
– Functions
* Directs immediate responses to stimuli
* Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
* Provides and interprets sensory information

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10
Q

List the organs in the endocrine system and function

A

– Major organs
* Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
* Pancreas and gonads
* Endocrine tissues in other systems
– Functions
* Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
* Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
* Controls many structural and functional changes during development

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11
Q

List the organs in the cardiovascular system and function

A

– Major organs
* Heart
* Blood
* Blood vessels
– Functions
* Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste
products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
* Distributes heat to control body temperature

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12
Q

List the organs in the lymphatic system and functions

A

Lymphatic
– Major organs
* Spleen
* Thymus
* Lymphatic vessels
* Lymph nodes
* Tonsils
– Functions
* Defends against infection and disease
* Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

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13
Q

List the organs of the respiratory system and function.

A

Respiratory
– Major organs
* Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
– Functions
* Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas
exchange occurs)
* Provides oxygen to the bloodstream
* Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
* Produces sounds for communication

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14
Q

List the organs in the digestive system and functions?

A

Major organs
* Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
– Functions
* Processes and digests food
* Absorbs and conserves water
* Absorbs nutrients
* Stores energy reserves

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15
Q

List the organs in the urinary system and functions.

A

Major organs
* Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
– Functions
* Excretes waste products from the blood
* Controls water balance by regulating volume of
urine produced
* Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
* Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

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16
Q

List the organs of the male reproductive system and functions

A

– Major organs
* Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
– Functions
* Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids,
and hormones
* Sexual intercourse

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17
Q

List the organs of the female reproductive system and functions

A

– Major organs
* Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris,
mammary glands
– Functions
* Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
* Supports developing embryos from conception to delivery
* Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
* Sexual intercourse

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18
Q

Define surface anatomy

A

Locating structures on or near the body surface

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19
Q

What are the anatomical landmarks and describe

A

– Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward
– Supine: lying down, face up
– Prone: lying down, face down 30

20
Q

Identify the parts of the anterior view

A
21
Q

Identify the parts of the posterior view

A
22
Q

What are the anatomical regions

A

– Abdominopelvic quadrants
– Abdominopelvic regions

23
Q

Identify the parts of the abdominopelvic Quadrants

A
24
Q

Identify the parts of the abdominopelvic regions

A
25
Q

Identify the parts of the anatomical relationships

A
26
Q

What are some important radiological techniques

A

– MRI
– PET
– CT

27
Q

What is a sectional plane

A

Sectional plane
– A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface
– Frontal (coronal) plane
* Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and
posterior portions
* A cut in this plane is a frontal section (coronal
section)

28
Q

What is sagittal plane

A

Sagittal plane
* Vertical plane dividing body into left and right
portions
* A cut in this plane is a sagittal section

29
Q

What is Midsagittal plane

A

lies in the middle

30
Q

What is parasagittal plane

A

is offset from the middle

31
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

divides the body into superior and
inferior portions
* A cut in this plane is called a transverse section (cross section)

32
Q

State the essential functions of the body cavities

A
  1. Protect organs from shocks and impacts
  2. Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs
33
Q

The ventral body cavity is divided by?

A

diaphragm

34
Q

What are the two types of cavity

A
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity
35
Q

Body cavities contain

A

viscera

36
Q

Describe the serous membrane

A

– Lines body cavities and covers organs
– Consists of parietal and visceral layers
* Parietal serosa lines cavity
* Visceral serosa covers organ

37
Q

Describe the thoracic cavity?

A

– Right and left pleural cavities
* Contain right and left lungs
– Mediastinum
* Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
* Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
– The heart is located within the pericardial cavity

38
Q

State the types of abdominopelvic cavity

A

– Peritoneal cavity
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic cavity

39
Q

Describe peritoneal cavity

A

– Peritoneal cavity—chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity
* Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall
* Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

40
Q

Describe the Abdominal cavity

A

– Abdominal cavity—superior portion
* Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
* Contains digestive organs
* Retroperitoneal space
– Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to
muscular body wall
– Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts
of the digestive tract

41
Q

Describe the pelvic cavity

A

Pelvic cavity—inferior portion
* Medial to pelvic bones
* Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

42
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

– All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment

43
Q

What are the types of homeostatic regulations

A

– Autoregulation
* Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change
– Extrinsic regulation
* Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

44
Q

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of

A
  1. Receptor
    * Receives the stimulus
  2. Control center
    * Processes the signal and sends instructions
  3. Effector
    * Carries out instructions
    ▪ Limits fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point, or desired value
45
Q

Describe negative feedback

A

Negative feedback
– The response of the effector negates the stimulus
– Body is brought back into homeostasis
* Normal range is maintained

46
Q

Describe positive feedback

A

Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions
– Body is moved away from homeostasis
* Normal range is not maintained
– A positive feedback loop completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis

Biology 3100 (26 decks)

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