Intro to anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What are the chemical levels of organization?
– Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
– Molecules consist of groups of atoms
What is the cellular level of organization?
– A tissue is a group of cells working together
What is the organ level of organization
Organs are made of two or more tissues working together
What is organ system
An organ system is a group of interacting organs
List the organ systems?
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive system
List the major organs in the integumentary system and functions
Major organs
* Skin
* Hair
* Sweat glands
* Nails
– Functions
* Protects against environmental hazards
* Helps regulate body temperature
* Provides sensory information
List the organs in the skeletal system and function
– Major organs
* Bones
* Cartilages
* Associated ligaments
* Bone marrow
– Functions
* Provides support and protection for other tissues
* Stores calcium and other minerals
* Forms blood cells
List the organs in the muscular system and functions
– Major organs
* Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
– Functions
* Provides movement
* Provides protection and support for other tissues
* Generates heat that maintains body temperature
List the organs in the nervous system and functions
– Major organs
* Brain and spinal cord
* Peripheral nerves
* Sense organs
– Functions
* Directs immediate responses to stimuli
* Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
* Provides and interprets sensory information
List the organs in the endocrine system and function
– Major organs
* Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
* Pancreas and gonads
* Endocrine tissues in other systems
– Functions
* Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
* Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
* Controls many structural and functional changes during development
List the organs in the cardiovascular system and function
– Major organs
* Heart
* Blood
* Blood vessels
– Functions
* Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste
products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
* Distributes heat to control body temperature
List the organs in the lymphatic system and functions
Lymphatic
– Major organs
* Spleen
* Thymus
* Lymphatic vessels
* Lymph nodes
* Tonsils
– Functions
* Defends against infection and disease
* Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
List the organs of the respiratory system and function.
Respiratory
– Major organs
* Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
– Functions
* Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas
exchange occurs)
* Provides oxygen to the bloodstream
* Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
* Produces sounds for communication
List the organs in the digestive system and functions?
Major organs
* Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
– Functions
* Processes and digests food
* Absorbs and conserves water
* Absorbs nutrients
* Stores energy reserves
List the organs in the urinary system and functions.
Major organs
* Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
– Functions
* Excretes waste products from the blood
* Controls water balance by regulating volume of
urine produced
* Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
* Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
List the organs of the male reproductive system and functions
– Major organs
* Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
– Functions
* Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids,
and hormones
* Sexual intercourse
List the organs of the female reproductive system and functions
– Major organs
* Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris,
mammary glands
– Functions
* Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
* Supports developing embryos from conception to delivery
* Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
* Sexual intercourse
Define surface anatomy
Locating structures on or near the body surface
What are the anatomical landmarks and describe
– Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward
– Supine: lying down, face up
– Prone: lying down, face down 30
Identify the parts of the anterior view
Identify the parts of the posterior view
What are the anatomical regions
– Abdominopelvic quadrants
– Abdominopelvic regions
Identify the parts of the abdominopelvic Quadrants
Identify the parts of the abdominopelvic regions
Identify the parts of the anatomical relationships
What are some important radiological techniques
– MRI
– PET
– CT
What is a sectional plane
Sectional plane
– A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface
– Frontal (coronal) plane
* Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and
posterior portions
* A cut in this plane is a frontal section (coronal
section)
What is sagittal plane
Sagittal plane
* Vertical plane dividing body into left and right
portions
* A cut in this plane is a sagittal section
What is Midsagittal plane
lies in the middle
What is parasagittal plane
is offset from the middle
What is the transverse plane
divides the body into superior and
inferior portions
* A cut in this plane is called a transverse section (cross section)
State the essential functions of the body cavities
- Protect organs from shocks and impacts
- Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs
The ventral body cavity is divided by?
diaphragm
What are the two types of cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
Body cavities contain
viscera
Describe the serous membrane
– Lines body cavities and covers organs
– Consists of parietal and visceral layers
* Parietal serosa lines cavity
* Visceral serosa covers organ
Describe the thoracic cavity?
– Right and left pleural cavities
* Contain right and left lungs
– Mediastinum
* Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
* Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
– The heart is located within the pericardial cavity
State the types of abdominopelvic cavity
– Peritoneal cavity
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic cavity
Describe peritoneal cavity
– Peritoneal cavity—chamber within the abdominopelvic cavity
* Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall
* Visceral peritoneum covers the organs
Describe the Abdominal cavity
– Abdominal cavity—superior portion
* Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
* Contains digestive organs
* Retroperitoneal space
– Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to
muscular body wall
– Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts
of the digestive tract
Describe the pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity—inferior portion
* Medial to pelvic bones
* Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder
What is homeostasis?
– All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment
What are the types of homeostatic regulations
– Autoregulation
* Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change
– Extrinsic regulation
* Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of
- Receptor
* Receives the stimulus - Control center
* Processes the signal and sends instructions - Effector
* Carries out instructions
▪ Limits fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point, or desired value
Describe negative feedback
Negative feedback
– The response of the effector negates the stimulus
– Body is brought back into homeostasis
* Normal range is maintained
Describe positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions
– Body is moved away from homeostasis
* Normal range is not maintained
– A positive feedback loop completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis
