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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY > INTRO & NATURAL IMMUNITY > Flashcards

INTRO & NATURAL IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

In 1500, Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powdered made from smallpox scabs

A

Variolation

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2
Q

In 1706, He developed a vaccine against smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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3
Q

A phenomenon that occurs when an antibody reacts with antigen

A

Cross reactivity

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4
Q

Eradicated infectious organism :

A

smallpox and rinderpest

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5
Q

He developed the first attenuated vaccine

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

Involves the use of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure to modifying conditions such as as chemical treatment, elevated or cold temperature or repeated in vitro passage in cell structure

A

Attenuated

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7
Q

Example of attenuated vaccines

A

Chicken cholera vaccine (pasteurella multocida) ; rabies vaccine

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8
Q

Discovered phagocytosis in 1800

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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9
Q

Demonstrated diphtheria and tetanus toxins could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms

A

Emil Von Behring

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10
Q

Linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements ; he observed that certain humoral or circulating factors called ____ acted to coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

A

Almroth Wright ; opsonins

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11
Q

In 1917, He immunized rabbits with HAPTENS attached to a carrier molecule and then tested the serum to measure how the antibodies produced reacted with different HAPTENS ; he discovered that antibodies not only recognize chemical features such as polarity, hydrophobicity, and ionic charge but the overall three-dimensional configuration is also important

A

Karl Landsteiner

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12
Q

Innate and nonspecific immunity

A

Natural immunity

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13
Q

Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of NORMALLY body function

A

Natural immunity

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14
Q

Acquired specific immunity ; ability to REMEMBER a prior exposure ; results in an INCREASE response upon repeated exposure

A

Adaptive immunity

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15
Q

Smallest WBC that act in adaptive immunity

A

LYMPHOCYTES

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16
Q

Part of external defense system designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body

A

Anatomical barriers

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17
Q

Biochemical external defense system

A

Lactic acid in sweat
lysozymes
Acidity of GIT in vagina

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18
Q

1 enemies of pathogen in terms of nutrients ; found in external defense system

A

Normal flora

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19
Q

Recognize specific molecular components of pathogens

A

Internal defense system

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20
Q

Kill extracellular organisms

A

Phagocytes

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21
Q

Large granular lymphocyte that kill intracellular organisms

A

NK cells

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22
Q

Cells in the internal defense system that lack memory and recall

A

Phagocytes and NK cells

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23
Q

These are soluble factors of internal defense system

A

Humoral

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24
Q

Humoral components

A

Acute phase reactants
Interferons (A&B)
Defensins
Complement proteins

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25
Q

1st line of defense (natural)

A

Skin, mucous membrane, lysozyme

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26
Q

2nd line of defense (natural)

A

Phagocytes, NK cells, complement proteins, APR

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27
Q

3RD LINE OF DEFENSE ; ADAPTIVE

A

ANTIBODY , LYMPHOCYTES

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28
Q

These are plasma proteins that increase rapidly by at least ____% due to infection, trauma, or injury

A

Acute phase reactants ; 25%

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29
Q

APRs are primarily produced by the _____

A

Hepatocytes (liver)

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30
Q

The only protein that is not synthesized by the liver but the plasma cells

A

Antibody

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31
Q

Marker for acute inflammation and cardiovascular disease ; non specific antibody

A

CRP

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32
Q

CPR is discovered by ___ and ____ in 1930

A

Tillet and Francis

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33
Q

CRP is originally thought to be an ___ to the C-polysaccharide of ____

A

Antibody ; pneumococci

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34
Q

CRP structure consists of ____ identical subunits held together by noncovalent bonds

A

5 identidical subunits

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35
Q

Main substrate of CRP

A

Phosphocholine

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36
Q

Risk Cardiovascular disease ;

CRP concentration : <1mg/dL

A

Low

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37
Q

Risk Cardiovascular disease ;

CRP concentration : 1-3 mg/dL

A

Average

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38
Q

Risk Cardiovascular disease ;

CRP concentration : >3mg/dL

A

High

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39
Q

Has high affinity for HDL cholesterol

A

Serum amyloid A

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40
Q

Response time of CRP

A

4-6 hours

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41
Q

CRP increases how many folds

A

1000x

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42
Q

Opsonization and complement activation are functions of what protein

A

CRP

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43
Q

Protease inhibitor are functions of what protein

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin

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44
Q

Opsonization and lysis are functions of what protein

A

Complement C3

45
Q

Most abundant WBC in cellular defense mechanism

A

Neutrophils

46
Q

Neutrophil is ___ to ___ % of the total peripheral WBC

47
Q

of lobes of neutrophil

48
Q

<1 lobe indicates what condition

A

Pelger-Huet anomaly (hyposegmentation)

49
Q

> 5 lobes indicate what condition

A

Megaloblastic anemia (hypersegmentation)

50
Q

WBC that neutralizes basophils and mast cell products like histamine

A

Eosinophil

51
Q

Homeostatic regulator of inflammation

A

Eosinophil

52
Q

Basophil and mast cell product

53
Q

Granule contents of eosinophil

A

Major basic protein and peroxidase

54
Q

Smallest of the granulocytes ; together with Basophil, it has high affinity to IgE

55
Q

Largest in the peripheral blood ; with ground glass appearance (granules)

56
Q

Type 1 granules of monocytes

A

Peroxidase , ACP , arylsulfatase

57
Q

Monocyte found in tissues

A

Macrophage

58
Q

Primary defense mechanism against M. Tuberculosis

59
Q

Alveolar macrophage

60
Q

Liver macrophage

A

Kuppfer cells

61
Q

Brain macrophage

A

Microglial cells

62
Q

Connective tissues macrophage

A

Histiocytes

63
Q

Skin macrophage

A

Langerhans

64
Q

Bone macrophage

A

Osteoclast

65
Q

Kidney macrophage

A

Mesengial cells

66
Q

Resemble basophils but different linage ; larger than basophil with small round nucleus ; long life span 9-18 months

67
Q

Covered with long membranous extensions that make them resemble nerve cell dendrites

A

Dendritic cells

68
Q

Major functions is phagocyte-antigen and present it to the T-helper cells

A

Dendritic cells

69
Q

Most potent phagocyte ; best antigen presenting cell

A

Dendritic cells

70
Q

Acts as sensors for extracellular function

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

71
Q

Detects pathogen associated molecular pathogens

A

Pathogen recognition receptors

72
Q

Recognize molecules that are commonly found in microbial pathogens but not as host cellls

A

Toll-like receptor

73
Q

Toll-like receptors have Highest concentration on

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils

74
Q

Steps involved in phagocytosis

A

Adherence
Engulfment
Formation of phagosome
Granule contact
Formation of phagolysosome
Digestion of the microorganism
Excretion

75
Q

Make the organism more susceptible to phagocytosis

76
Q

Central killing

A

NADPH oxidase

77
Q

Oxidative burst ; most common elimination of organism via phagocytosis

A

Oxygen dependent process

78
Q

Defensins and cathepsin G are example of what type of phagocytosis

A

Oxygen dependent process

79
Q

The process by which degraded peptides within cells are transported to the plasma membrane where T cells can then recognize them

A

Antigen presentation

80
Q

Bring out antigen from the cytoplasm to the surface

A

Major histocompatibility complex

81
Q

Impaired NAPDH oxidase production

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

82
Q

Test for CGD

A

NITRO BLUE TETRAZOLIUM TEST

83
Q

Nitro blue tetrazolium test positive result

A

Absence of blue precipitate

84
Q

Gold standard for testing CGD

A

Flow cytometric assay

85
Q

FLOW CYTOMETRY :

Neutrophils are labeled with

A

Dihydrorhodamine

86
Q

FLOW CYTOMETRY :

Neutrophils activation

A

Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)

87
Q

POSITIVE CGD in flow cytometry

A

Less fluorescence

88
Q

This condition is associated with wit McLeod phenotype

89
Q

Large granular lymphocytes (kiss of death)

A

NK cells / natural killer cells

90
Q

First line of defense against intracellular organisms and tumor cells ; non specific killing

A

Natural killer cells

91
Q

A receptor for the specific end of antibodies

92
Q

Important cytokine in NK development

A

Interleukin 15

93
Q

Interleukin 15 releases

A

Granzymes and perforins

94
Q

Induces programmed cell death in the target cell

95
Q

Membrane disrupting protein

96
Q

Performs specific killing

A

T-cytotoxic

97
Q

Performs nonspecific killing

98
Q

CD markers of NK CELLS

A

CD 16 & CD 56

99
Q

Able to kill target cells without prior exposure to them

100
Q

Both chemotaxis and random movements are abnormal

A

Lazy leukocyte syndrome

101
Q

Abnormal chemotaxis and normal random movements

A

Jobs syndrome

102
Q

10-15% of WBC population

103
Q

Bridge to natural and acquired immunity

104
Q

Overall reaction of the body to tissue injury or invasion by an infectious agent

A

Inflammation

105
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

Vascular response
Cellular response
Resolution and repair

106
Q

An inflammation response Initiated by mast cells release of histamine (vasodilator) - basophil

A

Vascular response

107
Q

An inflammation response in which small and faster neutrophils and macrophages produce IL-1 causing fever and increase acute phase reactants)

A

Cellular response

108
Q

An inflammation response initiated by fibroblast proliferation

A

Resolution and repair

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (7 decks)

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