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FRST 351 - Pathology > Intro + Mistletoes > Flashcards

Intro + Mistletoes Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important for a forester to be familiar with tree disease?

A

In order to recognize forest pest outbreaks so that you can minimize or avoid potential stand damaging incidents.

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2
Q

How many millions of cubic meters does BC lose annually to Decay?

A

~10 million m3

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3
Q

How many millions of cubic meters does BC lose annually to DMT?

A

~4 million m3

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4
Q

How many millions of cubic meters does BC lose annually to Root Rot

A

~4 million m3

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5
Q

How many millions of cubic meters does BC lose annually to insects

A

~6 million m3

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6
Q

How many millions of cubic meters does BC lose annually to Fire?

A

~ 2 million m3

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7
Q

Give some indicators of a healthy forest

A

Majority of trees exhibit normal biological processes ie.

  • trees photosynthesizing
  • leaves/needles green
  • reproducing (producing cones and pollen naturally)
  • trees putting on leaders annually
  • resilient to short term stress
  • adaptable over long term changes in climate
  • satisfies management goals
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8
Q

List as many Pathogen groups as you can

A
  • Abiotic agents
  • mammals
  • Stem decay
  • Root disease
  • stem rusts / cankers
  • Foliar disease
  • seed / cone / seedling
  • Dwarf mistletoe
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9
Q

List the dwarf mistletoe species and their hosts in BC and give their ranges

A

Arceuthobium americanum - DMP - East of the cascades - Pl, Py

Arceuthobium tsugense - DMH - West of the cascades - Hw, Hm

Arceuthobium laricis - DML - S.Interior - Lw, Pl

Arceuthobium douglasii - DMF - S.Interior Fd, Bg

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10
Q

What does dioecious refer to?

A

A species that has distinct male or female individuals or colonies. i.e. A given colony will only contain either males or females.

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11
Q

Approximately how long is the typical lifecycle of DMT

A

5-7 years

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12
Q

Give some natural roles of Tree Disease in forests

A
  • Selection (as a thinning agent)
  • Succession (changes stand species)
  • Recycling (decrease decay time period)
  • Wildlife Habitat (Decay cavirty nest, Broom resting platform)
  • Diversity (age, species and structural)
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13
Q

What does red colored foliage indicate on a tree?

What about yellow?

A
  • Red colour indicates that a tree died fast (fire, drought, etc)
  • Yellow indicates a slow death due to nutrient deficiancy, disease, or poisoning.
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14
Q

What is a possible indicator that a fallen tree died from root rot?

A

If the roots decayed, the root ball would be quite small in comparison to huge root masses of healthy trees.

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15
Q

What are some Abiotic damaging agents?

A
  • Frost crack (normally on the south side of trees due to the rate of temperature change.)
  • Fire
  • Landslides
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16
Q

Why might a high intensity fire be considered a good thing?

A

If you had an area that was experiencing high levels of disease, a high intensity fire can “cleanse” the land.

17
Q

What does endemic refer to?

A
  • Natural level of disturbance
  • can act as a natural thinning agent
  • Increased stand diversity
  • Provides habitat (snags/CWD/openings)
18
Q

What does outbreak refer to?

A
  • Major disturbance event
  • Stand replacing
  • Impair function and values
  • water
  • habitat
  • economy
  • recreation
  • Increased landscape diversity
19
Q

List some introduced pests

A
  • Chestnut blight (1900)
  • White pine blister rust (1910)
  • Dutch elm disease (1928)
  • Balsam wooly adelgid (1900)
  • Gypsy moth (1860)
20
Q

What are some short term methods of control?

A

Target the pest

  • stumping for roots
  • pruning for stem rust
  • trapping insects
  • sanitation - remove infested trees
  • pesticides - mainly defoliators ( use bacteria or virus to target pest)
21
Q

What are some long term protective management methods to reduce disease or impact of disease?

A
  • Promote mixed species since most pests are species specific
  • Mimic natural disturbance to create age diversity (age specific pests)
  • Promote stand vigour through silvi practices like spacing, fertilization, using site specific species.
22
Q

What are the 4 damaging agent classes?

A

Abiotic
Disease
Insects
Fire

FRST 351 - Pathology (33 decks)

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