Intro lecture 4

Question 1

Wat zijn de 5 redenen voor measuren?

Answer 1

1. evaluate an explanation
2. Test a hypothesis
3. Provide empirical support for a theory
4. make a decision about a medical treatment
5. Study an applied issue

Question 2

Noem de 3 quantitative reasons om te measuren

Answer 2

1. conceptualize variables
2. Operationalizing variables
3. Gather empirical data

Question 3

Noem de 3 qualitative reasons om te measuren

Answer 3

1. Gather empirical data and think about concepts to organize and make sense of the data
2. Reflect on and describe this process of linking ideas
   to specific observations in the data.
3. Review and refine your definitions and
   the descriptions of how you gathered data
   and made sense of it.

Question 4

WHAT IS MEASUREMENT IN QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH?

Answer 4

• Capturing and expressing concepts using textual and visual data
• Operationalization less central and after the process

Question 5

WHAT IS MEASUREMENT IN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ?

Answer 5

• Special step in the research process, in which we transform
abstract theoretical concepts into observable indicators
• Important step prior to data collection

Question 6

Wat is conceptualization?

Answer 6

refining an idea by giving it a very clear,

explicit definition.

Question 7

Wat is Operationalization?

Answer 7

the process of linking a conceptual

definition with specific measures.

Question 8

What are ”Latent” variables?

Answer 8

Not observed concepts consisting of

multiple indicators

Question 9

What are “Observed” variables?

Answer 9

Indicators that can be directly

measured

Question 10

What are continuous variables? Geef ook example

Answer 10

infinite number of values or
attributes that flow along a continuum.

• Examples: Height, temperature, grade

Question 11

What are Discrete variables?

Answer 11

have a relatively fixed set of separate
values or variable attributes

• Examples: Gender, religion

Question 12

What is the rule of thumb regarding whether a thing is continuous or discrete?

Answer 12

You can count the values of discrete variables,

you cannot count the values of continuous variables

Question 13

What are Nominal measures?

Answer 13

There is only a difference between categories

• Examples: Gender, religion, color, guinea pig species

Question 14

What are Ordinal measures?

Answer 14

The categories can also be ranked

• Examples: Opinion measures, level of agreeing, …and education?

Question 15

What are Interval measures?

Answer 15

You can specify the amount of distance between categories

• Examples: Temperature (Celsius), grades

Question 16

What are Ratio measures?

Answer 16

You can state relations in terms of proportions

• Examples: Height, weight, distance

Question 17

Name the mathematical characteristics of Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio measures

Answer 17

Nominal : Discrete
Ordinal : Discrete
Interval : continuous
Ratio : continuous

Question 18

Wat is de Likert Scale en in welke science wordt die vaak gebruikt?

Answer 18

Strongly disagree—— Strongly agree

social sciences

Question 19

What are issues with the Likert Scale?

Answer 19

Neutral answer category?

Measurement level?

Question 20

Wat is de Rosenborg’s self-esteem scale?

Answer 20

Almost always true= 5
Often true = 4
Sometimes true = 3
Seldom true = 2
Never true = 1

Question 21

Wat is de Guttman scale?

Answer 21

Yes/No question

Question 22

What is a quality of the Guttman scale?

Answer 22

Answers of the respondents are consistent

Question 23

What is the semantic differential?

Answer 23

• Is being used to measure someone’s opinions or feelings about a product.
• Uses opposites
• Measures 3 categories
• Evaluation (positive vs negative, filthy vs clean, valuable vs worthless)
• Potential (strong vs weak, heavy vs lightly, difficult vs easy)
• Activity (active vs passive, fast vs slow, silent vs noisy)

Question 24

Define reliability

Answer 24

A feature of measures – the method of measuring is dependable and
consistent.

Question 25

Define validity

Answer 25

A feature of measures; the concept of interest closely matches the
method used to measure it.

Question 26

Name the three types of validity and define them

Answer 26

Face validity: Judgement by the scientific community
Content validity: Captures the entire meaning
Criterion-related validity: Differentiates based on external source

Question 27

Noem de twee soorten criterion-related validity en define

Answer 27

• Concurrent validity Agrees with preexisting measure

* Predictive validity Agrees with future behavior