Intro lecture 2

Question 1

Noem de 3 Ranges of theory

Answer 1

1. Empirical generalizations
2. Middle range theory
3. Theoretical framework

Question 2

Noem de 3 LEVELS of theory

Answer 2

Micro, Meso, Macro

Question 3

Wat is null hypothesis?

Answer 3

Niks gebeurt

Question 4

Wat is het verschil tussen deduction en induction?

Answer 4

Deduction is van theory naar data

Induction is van data naar theory

Question 5

Noem de 3 main verschillen tussen literature reviews en systematic reviews

Answer 5

• Systematic reviewing is a label for review studies that cover the whole research process;
this is a research design. Literature review is just part of focusing on a question.
• Systematic reviews are bound to rules and needs to be carried out systematically.
Literature reviews are not.
• Systematic reviews are being published, collected and regularly updated. Literature
reviews are not.

Question 6

Is de positivist approach deductive of inductive?

Answer 6

De positivist approach is deductive!

Question 7

Is de positivist approach vooral quantitative of qualitative?

Answer 7

Most positivist studies are quantitative.
Positivists see the experiment as the ideal way
to do research, but also use other quantitative
research techniques, such as surveys or existing statistics.

Question 8

Is de positivist approach exploratory, explanatory, of descriptive?

Answer 8

Explanatory. I guess. Nomothetic is het sowieso.

Question 9

Is de interpretative approach qualitative of quantitative?

Answer 9

qualitative voor social sciences

Question 10

Preferen interpretative researchers een inductive of deductive way of studying?

Answer 10

Interpretative researchers favor induc-

tive reasoning and an idiographic approach.

Question 11

Wat is het verschil tussen anonimity en confidentiality?

Answer 11

Anonymity means that people remain anonymous or nameless. For example, a field researcher provides a social picture of a particular individual, but gives a fictitious name and location, and alters some characteristics.

Bij confidentiality is de info wel bekend, maar zorgt de researcher ervoor dat er niet duidelijk wordt gemaakt wie tf het was.

Question 12

Wat is ecological fallacy?

Answer 12

Something that appears to be a causal explanation but is not. It occurs because of confusion about units of analysis. A researcher has empirical evidence about an association for large scale units or huge aggregates, but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about an association among small-scale units or individuals.

Question 13

Wat is reductionism?

Answer 13

Something that appears to be a causal
explanation, but is not, because of a confusion
about units of analysis. A researcher has empirical
evidence for an association at the level of individual behavior or very small-scale units, but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about very large-scale units.

Question 14

Wat is spuriousness?

Answer 14

A statement that appears to be a causal explanation, but is not because of a hidden, unmeasured, or initially unseen variable.

The unseen variable comes earlier in the temporal order, and it has a causal impact on what was initially posited to be the independent variable as well as the dependent variable.

Question 15

Wat is reactivity?

Answer 15

The general threat to external validity that
arises because research participants are aware that
they are in an experiment and being studied.