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BacT RUSVM Summer 15 > Intro Lecture > Flashcards

Intro Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the bacterial mass on earth

A

5 million trillion trillion cells

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2
Q

What’s phylogeny

A

Science dealing with evolutionary relationships between living organisms. This is based on the sequences of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein

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3
Q

What is used for phylogenic analysis?

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Bacteria- prokaryotes or eukaryotes. And what differentiates the -karyote type?

A

Prokaryotes- no nucleus

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5
Q

Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles?

A

No

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6
Q

What size ribosomes are common in bacteria?

A

30s&70s

Eukaryotes
40&80

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7
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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8
Q

What makes gram positive bacteria distinct?

A

THICK peptidoglycan.

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9
Q

What makes gram negative bacteria unique from other bacteria?

A

LPS

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10
Q

What makes mycobacteria unique from other bacteria?

A

Mycolic acid

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11
Q

What is the primary stain in the gram stain?

A

Crystal violet

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12
Q

What is the mordant or fixing agent in the gram stain?

A

Grams iodine

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13
Q

What is used as the decolorizing agent in the gram stain?

A

Acid Alcohol

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14
Q

What is the counter stain used in the gram stain?

A

Safranin

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15
Q

What color will gram positive bacteria retain from the gram stain?

A

Violet

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16
Q

What color will gram negative bacteria retain in the gram stain?

A

Pink

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17
Q

What two repeating subunits make up peptidoglycan?

A

N-acetyl glucosamine and n-acetyl muramic acid

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18
Q

What is peptidoglycan responsible for?

A

80% cell mass
Cell shape
Staining qualities
Osmotic stability

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19
Q

Which portion of LPS is considered the endotoxins

A

Lipid A portion

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20
Q

What happens in the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

Nutrients are acquired and cell growth begins to occur.

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21
Q

What happens in the log phase of bacterial growth?

A

Rabbits on meth, nutrients are readily available allowing for logarithmic growth and binary fission of bacterial cells.

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22
Q

What is the stationary phase

A

The phase of cell growth where competition for nutrients and or production of waste products slows growth and reproduction of bacteria

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23
Q

What is the test to determine if Lipid A toxicity exists

A

LAL
Limulus amebocyte lysate test
Comes from the horse shoe crab

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24
Q

Which cells contain peptidoglycan?

A

All bacteria

Except mycoplasma and chlamydia

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25
Q

Which bacteria contain Teichoic acid?

A

Gram +

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26
Q

Acid fast staining of mycobacteria is accomplished by?

A

Mycolic acid

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27
Q

For flagella

1 flagella

A

Monotrichous

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28
Q

Flagella

2 flagella one at each pole

A

Amphtrichous

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29
Q

Flagella, flagella every where all over the cell!

A

Peritrichous

30
Q

Flagella lots of em all on one pole of the bacteria

A

Lophotrichous

31
Q

Where would you find endoflagella or axial filaments?

A

Spirochetes

32
Q

What are pili/fimbriae?

A

Small thread like structures used to adhere to host tissue- NOT FLAGELLA!
They contribute to antigenicity
Eg bordatella, e. Coli

33
Q

What fimbrial antigens of E. coli are in neonatal pigs?

A

K88

34
Q

What fimbrial antigens of E. coli are in neonatal calves?

A

K99

35
Q

What is a capsule

A

Polysaccharide outer coating of the bacteria that helps the organism evade phagocytosis
Ex bacillus anthracis

36
Q

What are endospores

A

Endospores are produced when nutrients are depleted in a bacteria. Dipocolinic acid then coats the spore to protect it from the environment.
Eg clostridium and bacillus

37
Q

Bacterial that require oxygen for growth

A

Aerobic, microaerophilic, capnophilic

38
Q

Oxygen not required or utilized for growth

A

Obligate anaerobic, aero tolerant anaerobic

39
Q

Oxygen not required but can be utilized for growth

A

Facultative anaerobes

40
Q

What’s the definition of bacterial virulence factors

A

Properties or traits found in isolates that cause disease but which are not found in isolates of the same species that lack the ability to cause disease

41
Q

What are some ways damage can be caused due to bacteria?

A

Using the hosts nutrients
Direct damage to the host cell (toxins)
Hypersensitivity reactions
(Type 4- TB)

42
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming the defense mechanisms of the host

43
Q

_____ is the degree of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

44
Q

What type of macromolecules are exotoxins?

A

Proteins

45
Q

Where and why are exotoxins produced?

A

Inside mainly gram positive bacteria as a part of their growth and metabolism.

46
Q

How do exotoxins leave the bacteria?

A

Either by secretion or released following cell lysis

47
Q

Which type of bacterial cell has endotoxins and where are they located?

A

Gram negative species, cell wall

48
Q

Where are endotoxins produced

A

Endotoxins are produced in the Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide of Gram Negative bacteria

49
Q

How do Endotoxins leave the bacteria?

A

Endotoxins are liberated when gram negative bacteria die and the cell wall degrades, thus releasing the endotoxin

50
Q

______ this chemical kills white blood cells (phagocytes).

A

Leukocidins

51
Q

_______ destroy erythrocytes

A

Hemolysins

52
Q

Most exotoxins are what type of toxins?

A

A-B Toxins, Where the A peptide is the active enzyme (does the damage) and the B peptide is the peptide that binds.

53
Q

What type of activation of T-cells do Superantigens cause

A

non specific

54
Q

What is the result of Superantigen binding?

A

Polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. Toxic Shock Syndrome- Staph and Strep

55
Q

Who all produces Superantigens?

A

pathenogenic microbes (viruses, mycoplasma, and some bacteria)

56
Q

What is the binding of Superantigens

A

indiscriminate binding to MHC class 2 on the APC and T helper cell receptor.

57
Q

What are clinical signs of superantigens?

A

Nausea, vomiting, Fever, shock

58
Q

what are plasmids?

A

smaller circular DNA present in Bacteria

59
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Virus particles that attack bacteria.

60
Q

______ is the process by which one bacterium ( with fertility factor) transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.

A

Conjugation

61
Q

_____ is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane.

A

Transformation

62
Q

______ is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.

A

Transduction

63
Q

_____ conversion with bacteriophages can result in bacteria with virulence factors, such as toxins or capsules.

A

Lysogenic

64
Q

what is biofilm?

A

Microbes come together in masses cling to surfaces, produce extracellular substances and take in nutrients and form a biofilm.

65
Q

What is Quorum Sensing?

A

Once bacteria reach certain numbers they change their behavior, appearance, and metabolism. These changes culminate in an infection that can ambush and overwhelm the immune system.

66
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

organisms that do not cause disease in a healthy host, with a healthy immune system.

67
Q

What are true pathogens?

A

Pathogens equipped with virulence genes for adherence, invasion, and evasion from the immune system and toxins.

68
Q

What are infections acquired from hospitals?

A

nosocomial ex MRSA

69
Q

In general where are most bacterial infections?

A

extracellular

70
Q

What are some intracellular bacteria?

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia

71
Q

Which bacteria is Facultative intracellular bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium

BacT RUSVM Summer 15 (20 decks)

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