Gram Positive Cocci staph

Question 1

What is metabolism of Staphylococcus?

Answer 1

Facultative anaerobic

Question 2

What is the result of the catalase test in Staph?

Answer 2

Positive

exceptions= anaerobic species; S. sacharolyticus, S. aureus subsp. anaerobius

Question 3

What type of pathogen is Staph?

Answer 3

Classic opportunistic pathogen

Question 4

What is the natural habitat of Staph?

Answer 4

Skin and mucous membranes.

Question 5

Is staphylococcus apart of the normal flora?

Answer 5

It can be.

Question 6

What is coagulase?

Answer 6

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen- Fibrin

Question 7

What are the coagulase positive Staph species?

Answer 7

S. aureus
S. aureus susp anaerobius
S. intermedius group
(S. pseudintermedius, S. intermiedius, S. delphini)
S. hyicus (swine)
S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans
S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi

Question 8

What are the Coagulase Negative Staph species?

Answer 8

S. Felis
S. Epidermidis
S. hemolyticus
S. saprophyticus
S. similans

Question 9

What is the clinical significance of Staph?

Answer 9

Suppurative conditions
Superficial- Skin & soft tissue ( Pyoderma, folliculitis, furunculosis, wound infections).
Deep infections ( Abcess, cellulitis, mastitis, pyomyositis, Necrotizing faciitis and myositis)
Infections of other body systmes ( Empyema, osteomyelitis, arthritis, endocarditis, pneumonia, otitis, sinusitis, menigitis)
Invasive bacteremia

Question 10

What are chronic persitent relapsing infections?

Answer 10

Pyogranulomatous (Pus- Neutrophils and Macrophages).

Question 11

For staph is there a “one host one pathogen” concept?

Answer 11

NO

Question 12

Which speciases can be infected with staph?

Answer 12

all

Question 13

Can one host species be predominantly susceptible to a species of staph?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

What virulence factors are associated with staph?

Answer 14

Many including
Adhesins,
enzymes,
Toxins

Question 15

What is the understanding of the pathogenesis of staph?

Answer 15

No deep understanding

Question 16

The interaction of Multiple virulence factors in a staph infection are critical? T/F?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is TSST-1

Answer 17

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Question 18

What is Staphylococcal enterotoxin?

Answer 18

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Question 19

Exfoliative toxins are associated with?

Answer 19

Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome

Question 20

The superantigen associated with staph is important why?

Answer 20

The superantigen has indiscriminate binding to Many T cells releasing cytokines causing problems

Question 21

Protein A Virulence Factor, what is it?

Answer 21

Binds to FC portion of IgG- preventing phagocytosis

Question 22

This virulence factor lyses RBC and other body Cells

Answer 22

Hemolysins

Question 23

This virulence factor destroys tissues

Answer 23

Proteases

Question 24

What does hyaluronidase as a virulence factor cause?

Answer 24

Destruction of connective tissue

Question 25

Lipases

Answer 25

break down fat

Question 26

Alpha toxins are responsible for?

Answer 26

Membrane damaging toxins

Question 27

This virulence factor plays a role in necrotizing Fasciitis and pneumonia in dongs

Answer 27

Leukocidin

Question 28

Exfoliative toxins

Answer 28

Staph scalded skin syndrome

Question 29

Biofilm formation

Answer 29

Virulence factor allowing for further bacterial infection to persist.

Question 30

what is the most common Dz in dogs regarding Staph?

Answer 30

Bacterial Folliculitis and Furnculosis

Question 31

What is the most common Isolate in dogs?

Answer 31

S. pseudintermedius

Question 32

Is S. aureus a "go to" in dogs for bacterial Dz?

Answer 32

No S. pseudintermedius

Question 33

How is a Staph infection diagnosed?

Answer 33

Direct examination of specimen Gram + cocci in clusters Evidence of inflammation with abundance of Neutrophils is highly suggestive Culture

Question 34

Is PCR a good choice for a skin infection?

Answer 34

No, Normal flora on skin can cause misdiagnosis. | CONTAMINATION

Question 35

What is important regarding Staph in Cattle?

Answer 35

S. aureus- Sub-acute or acute mastitis | Per-acute mastitis (gangrenous mastitis)

Question 36

what causes Ulcerative Pododermatitis? and which species?

Answer 36

S. aureus- Humans and Porcine

Question 37

Cervical Lymphadenitis in sheep is caused by?

Answer 37

S. auerus subsp. anaerobius

Question 38

Bumble foot? who? What?

Answer 38

Birds feet big nasty ulcer, S. aureus

Question 39

Botryomycosis is what?

Answer 39

Chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation Found in rodents, humans and horses Most common isolate= S. aureus SQ or deep tissue

Question 40

What is the first line of treatment choice for Staph?

Answer 40

1st generation cephalosporins (cephalexin)

Question 41

All staphylococcus isolates which are macrolide (erythromycin) resistant should be considered Clindamycin Resistant unless confirmed by what?

Answer 41

D- Test

Question 42

Chloramphenicol can be used but frequently is not used, Why?

Answer 42

Human health concern of idiosyncratic causing aplastic anemia

Question 43

Types of treatment include?

Answer 43

Local therapy Intra-articular injections Regional perfusions topical application in superficial infections Mupirocin and Fusidic Acid (decolonization) Chlorhexidine acetate alternative therapies

Question 44

What type of resistance is associated with staph species?

Answer 44

MRSA, MRSP

Question 45

What mediates resistance resulting in altered penicillin binding protein (PB2a)?

Answer 45

mecA gene

Question 46

What type of resistance is common in staph species?

Answer 46

Beta-lactamase

Question 47

How can one tell if the client got the dog sick or vic a versa?

Answer 47

Pulse field gel electrophoresis.

Question 48

To control the infection it is important to do what?

Answer 48

Avoid contact good hygiene isolate known infections if possible client education ( MUST TELL OLDER OR IMMUNOCOMPETENT CLIENTS TO SEE PHYSICIAN!!!) Treatment of colonized pet is not a normal practice