Gram + Rods Anthrax,

Question 1

What are the general characteristics of B. spp.

Answer 1

Large Gram + Rods
Endospore forming
Thick Peptidoglygcan layer
Teichoic and Lipo-teichoic acids
NO OUTER MEMBRANE!

Question 2

What type of pathogen is Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 2

Obligate mammalian pathogen

Question 3

What type of pathogen is Bacillus cereus

Answer 3

RARE cause of OPPORTUNISTIC infections and food poisoning in animals

Question 4

What is the insect pathogen in Bacillus spp?

Answer 4

B. thuringiensis

Question 5

What are most species of Bacillus?

Answer 5

soil saprophytes

Question 6

How fast do bacillus grow?

Answer 6

Rapid!! kim collins fast- google it!

Question 7

What type of medium does bacillus grow on?

Answer 7

Gram + selective and non selective media

Question 8

What type of growth can be expected on MacConkeys Plate?

Answer 8

NONE! MacConkeys is Gram - Selective

Question 9

What are the hemolytic properties of Bacillus species?

Answer 9

varies

Question 10

to what level are saprophytes identified?

Answer 10

Genus

Question 11

What bacteria was used to test Kochs Postulates?

Answer 11

B. antracis

Question 12

what are the oxygen requirements of B. anthracis?

Answer 12

Aerobic

Question 13

B. anthracis motile or no?

Answer 13

non-motile

Question 14

B. anthracis hemolytic or nah?

Answer 14

nah brah they aint

Question 15

Most endospores protrude through the cell causing a club like appearance, is this characteristic true for B. anthracis?

Answer 15

No, Think of B. anthracis as a purple wedding band with a tiny diamond that barely touches (if even) the membrane. Squared ends

Question 16

Microscopic evaluation of colonies will show what when looking at B. anthracis?

Answer 16

Medusa head colonies ( shes the one with all the snakes for hair that if you looked at her she turned to stone. The more you know!)

Question 17

What virulence factors are associated with B. anthracis

Answer 17

Cell associated
Capsule ( NOT POLY SACCHARIDE!)- Polymers of D-glutamic acid

Extracellular
Anthrax Toxin
3 proteins- Edema factor, Lethal factor & protective Antigen

Question 18

What source of genetics encodes the virulence factors of B. anthracis?

Answer 18

Plasmids

Question 19

Which plasmids are required for virulence in B. anthracis?

Answer 19

Both Capsule and Toxin

Question 20

Where is the capsule for B. antracis produced?

Answer 20

Only IN VIVO- IN THE ANIMAL

Capsule biosynthesis operon transcriptionally upregulated by CO_2_/ Bicarb signal

Question 21

What molecules make up the B. anthracis capsule?

Answer 21

Polymers of D-glutamic acid
encoded by plasmid
Antiphagocytic

Question 22

What stain associated with B. anthracis and what is the reaction called?

Answer 22

Polychromatic methylene blue
McFadyean rxn.
Capsules stain as pink shadow

Question 23

What is the Edema factor?

Answer 23

Calmodulin-dependent adenlyate cyclase ( inhibits neutrophil function)

Question 24

What is the lethal factor?

Answer 24

Zinc metalloprotease (cell death, hypoxia-induced tissue injury/shock)

Question 25

What is the protective antigen?

Answer 25

Cell binding factor (translocation into cell)

Question 26

Which factors are required for virulence of B. anthracis?

Answer 26

Edema, Lethal, Protective antigen

Question 27

What do the three factors of the anthrax toxin cause?

Answer 27

increased vascular permeability and cell necrosis

Question 28

pOX1 plasmid encodes?

Answer 28

Toxin

Question 29

pOX2 plasmid encodes?

Answer 29

capsule

Question 30

What determines the habitat of B. anthracis?

Answer 30

Dependent on susceptible animals for replication ( BacT kills host or vic a versa) Dependent on Endospores for survival in soil (exposure of carcass to O2 increases sporulation) Ecological cycles of infection (sporulation and germination have specific requirements)

Question 31

What are predisposing factors that increase exposure of animals to anthrax spores in soil?

Answer 31

Hx: site of previous anthrax deaths Flooding (endospores float to surface) Soil conditions: Alkaline pH60-80degrees) During drought animals tend to forage closer to the ground thus increasing chances of coming in contact with spores

Question 32

What is the most common transmission of B. anthracis?

Answer 32

exposure to endospores

Question 33

When endospores germinate within phagolysosomes of a macrophage what happens?

Answer 33

septicemia and bacteremia

Question 34

What mediates the escape of B. anthracis from phagocytic cell?

Answer 34

Phospholipase

Question 35

what inhibits phagocytosis of vegetative cells (B. anthracis)

Answer 35

capsule and edema factor

Question 36

How fast do Vegetative cells grow in the body? (B. anthracis)

Answer 36

Rapidly

Question 37

Complete anthrax toxin causes what?

Answer 37

Cell death and affects vascular permeability | -per acute septicemia

Question 38

Forms of Anthrax | Per acute septicemia happens in?

Answer 38

Ruminants (cattle and sheep)

Question 39

Forms of Anthrax | Acute septicemia happens in?

Answer 39

Horses

Question 40

Forms of anthrax | Pulmonary infection in? what is the condition called?

Answer 40

humans (wool sorters disease)

Question 41

Forms of anthrax | Pharyngeal infection in?

Answer 41

pigs, dogs

Question 42

Forms of anthrax | intestinal infection in?

Answer 42

man, pigs, horse

Question 43

Forms of anthrax | Cutaneous infection in? and whats the condition?

Answer 43

Humans ( malignant carbuncle)

Question 44

what are the ante-mortem signs of per acute/ acute septicemia (cattle sheep deer) (B. anthracis)

Answer 44

``` rapidly fatal disease high fever bleeding from orifices shock respiratory distress ```

Question 45

what are the post-mortem signs of per acute/ acute septicemia caused by B. anthracis? (cattle sheep deer)

Answer 45

dark, unclotted blood incomplete rigor mortis splenomegaly: Large " current-jelly" spllen widespread edema bacteremia (80% of bacteria in blood @ time of death)

Question 46

What is the onset time of anthrax infection in horse?

Answer 46

~96 h

Question 47

What are the clinical signs of anthrax infection in horses?

Answer 47

colic and diarrhea edema mainly in point of infection ( intestine, throat (asphyxiation)) septicemic as in ruminant

Question 48

What signs are associated with swine and anthrax infection?

Answer 48

Typically in pharyngeal tissue Ulcerative lesion serves as portal of entry followed by regional lymphadenitis associated with consumption of contaminated meat and bone meal Obstructive edema may cause death Ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis

Question 49

What is expected with Anthrax and carnivores

Answer 49

similar to swine patterns | exposure through tainted meat my trigger septicemia

Question 50

What are the diagnostic techniques for anthrax?

Answer 50

Blood smear- presumptive Dx Aerobic culture and PCR from blood (flourescent antibody Staining)

Question 51

Do you conduct a field necropsy if anthrax is on your DDx list?

Answer 51

NO Never Dont do it! AH AH AH stop it right now! | Call the state/ federal officials- let the tax payers pay for it you have better things to do

Question 52

If you happen to open up the carcass what should you collect to confirm/rule out anthrax?

Answer 52

spleen

Question 53

Tests from the past were susceptible to what and what was the appearance on the plates?

Answer 53

penicillin (string of pearls)

Question 54

what type of agent is anthrax?

Answer 54

BSL-3 Select agent REPORTABLE Dz

Question 55

What can you treat in an anthrax infection?

Answer 55

vegetative cells only

Question 56

When are antimicrobials effective in an anthrax infection?

Answer 56

if given early, | some localized forms may resolve without treatment

Question 57

What antimicrobials are used for anthrax infection?

Answer 57

Penicillin tetracycline doxycycline ciprofloxacin

Question 58

How do you control anthrax infections prior to infection?

Answer 58

VACCINATE YO SELVES FOOL | endemic and high risk areas only

Question 59

What is the response to anthrax in range/pastured cattle?

Answer 59

quarantine herd ( atleast 30d after last death) Use PPE Treat all animals in heard with long- acting ABX (OXYTET) Move herd from field/pasture/range Examine animals daily (treat feverish animals) Vaccinate 8-12d after Tx properly dispose of carcasses disinfect

Question 60

What should you do if you identify a case of anthrax?

Answer 60

notify the authorities- let someone else deal with it if you have to deal with it dig a hole (>6.5ft) bury animal or human or whatever really under layer of quicklime (anhydrous calcium oxide)

Question 61

What are the DDx for anthrax

Answer 61

``` Blackleg- Clostridium chavuoei Botulism- C. Botulinum Poisoning- plants, heavy metal, snake bite Lightning strike Peracute babesiosis ```

Question 62

Cutaneous anthrax- humans; what is the prognosis and complications?

Answer 62

10-20% mortality SQ edema and septicemia Creepy neck picture looks like a leach but you know dead tissue

Question 63

GI anthrax- humans; prognosis and complications?

Answer 63

25-60% mortalilty CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED MEAT pharyngeal lesions, sore throat and dysphagia, regional lymphadopathy, inappetence, nausea, vomiting blood and bloody diarrhea ( CHA CHA CHA), massive septicemia and toxemia,

Question 64

Pulmonary or inhalation of anthrax- humans; prognosis and complications

Answer 64

YOU GON DIE 100% experts say you die all of the time pulmonary edema, hemorrhagic pneumonia, sometimes meningitis ACUTE ONSET Spores may remain dormant until engulfed by pulmonary alveolar macrophages.

Question 65

The most common staphylococcus isolates from dogs?

Answer 65

S. psuedintemedius

Question 66

Blackie, 5yr F Dog presented with unresolving skin lesions, purulent and blood secretion oozing from lesions, whats causing this?

Answer 66

S. psuedintermedius

Question 67

chains of cocci on microscopic evaluation?

Answer 67

streptococcus

Question 68

Staph enterotoxin exerts its pathogenic effect by?

Answer 68

Superantigen, binding indiscriminately to T cell receptor and MHC II receptor.