Intro/Chem of Living Things Flashcards
Living things share the following characteristics:
Order
Sensitivity
Reproduction
Adaptation
Growth/Development
Regulation
Homeostasis
Energy Processing
Order:
atoms —>
molecules—>
organelles—>
cells—>
tissue—>
organs & organ systems
Sensitivity/response to stimuli
(movement toward stimulus = pos response) light or touch
Reproduction
Duplicating DNA
Adaption
(fit to environment. ex; moth nectar feeding tongue length similar to flower depth)
Growth/Development
Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for by their genes.
Regulation
(transport of nutrients/ response to stimuli/ coping with environmental stresses)
Homeostasis
(cells require proper temperature, pH, concentration of diverse chemicals)
Energy Processing/ metabolism
All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities. ( sun or food )
What are the three domains of life?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
An atom is defined as
the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter.
An atom is composed of
a nucleus surrounded by electrons. (they form molecules)
A molecule is defined as
a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond.
A molecule is composed of
many atoms
Fats, carbohydrates, Proteins and DNA are examples of
(macromolecules)
the fundamental molecular components of organisms
Lipids/Fats used in cell for
store energy long term, provide insulation
3 types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
carbohydrates purpose
energy
how are proteins used in a cell?
may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective; they may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes
4 levels of protein structure.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Explain the Primary level of protein structure.
The unique sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Explain the Secondary level of protein structure.
Folding patterns resulting from interactions between the non-R group portions of amino acids
Explain the Tertiary level of protein structure.
three-dimensional folding pattern of protein due to side chain interactions
Explain the Quaternary level of protein structure.
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
DNA -
the genetic material found in all living organisms
H2O Polarity
Polarity - Half the molecule is positive and half is negative. The polarity of the water molecule makes it an effective solvent and is important in its many roles in living systems.
H2O Adhesion
Adhesion - the attraction between water molecules and other molecules (blood adhering to vessels)
H2O Cohesion
Cohesion - water molecules are attracted to each other (because of hydrogen bonding)
Cohesive and adhesive forces are important for sustaining life. For example, because of these forces, water can flow up from the roots to the tops of plants to feed the plant.
H2O Heat
Heat -Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organism, because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body water moderates temperature changes within organisms and in their environments
H2O Frozen state
Frozen state -ice is less dense than liquid water (the molecules are farther apart). This means that ice floats on the surface of a body of water
H2O pH (acidity)
pH (acidity) - Most cells in our bodies operate within a very narrow window of the pH scale, typically ranging only from 7.2 to 7.6. If the pH of the body is outside of this range, the respiratory system malfunctions, as do other organs in the body. Cells no longer function properly, and proteins will break down. Deviation outside of the pH range can induce coma or even cause death.
Monosaccharides
simple sugar with 3-6 carbon atoms
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined together
polysaccharide
A long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds
