Evolution & Diversity Flashcards
Population
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
_______ is the smallest biological unit that can evolve
Population
Gene pool consists of
all alleles of all individuals making up a population
What represents the frequency of the dominant allele in the gene pool?
p
What represents the frequency of the recessive allele in the gene pool?
q
Gene pools occur in frequencies in a population that can be….
measured over time
Microevolution
changes in the gene pool over time
4 causes of microevolution
1) Genetic Drift
2) Gene flow
3) Mutations
4) Natural Selection
Genetic drift
the effect of chance (random death or survival)
2 types of genetic drift
The Bottleneck Effect
The Founder Effect
The Bottleneck Effect results from
a drastic reduction in population size
The Founder Effect Is
genetic drift in a new colony
gene flow
the flow of alleles in and out of a population resulting from the migration of individuals or gametes
Mutations
mistakes made during DNA replication in meiosis
Natural Selection
external pressure that makes it less likely for a particular trait to survive
Macroevolution
Encompasses the major biological changes evident in the fossil record.
Includes the multiplication of species.
the processes that gave rise to new species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters
macroevolution is evidenced by ____ and ____
the fossil record and molecular genetics
Branching (within macroevolution)
both the old and new populations survive at the same time
Non-Branching (within macroevolution)
population changes and becomes a new species
biological species concept (BSC) defines species as
groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
speciation
the formation of two species from one original species
2 types of speciation
allopatric
sympatric
Allopatric speciation
geological processes can fragment a population into two or more that then undergo different selective pressures and thus evolve different traits
Sympatric speciation
occurs within one geological area where two populations speciate
Exaptation
Evolving a new adaptation or trait from an existing one
A shift in the function of a trait during evolution. For example, a trait can evolve because it served one particular function, but subsequently it may come to serve another.
Exaptation can occur due to ____ ____ during DNA ___.
Duplicated DNA can then ____ without ____ ____.
Exaptation can occur due to duplication events during DNA replication
Duplicated DNA can then mutate without selective pressure
2 examples of exaptation
flagella of bacteria
feathers on birds
Paedomorphosis
the retention of juvenile traits in the adult to adapt to an environment
Example of Paedomorphosis
Axolotls (gills)
Taxonomy
is the identification, naming, and classification of species
Systematics
the study of biological diversity, past and present to determine evolutionary relationships
Each species is assigned a ____ name consisting of the ____ and the ____: the ____ and ____ names are always in ____.
Each species is assigned a two-part name consisting of the genus and the species: the Genus and species names are always italics.
Hierarchical classification is
a system of grouping things according to a hierarchy, or levels and orders.
List the taxonomic hierarchical classification
Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
(King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti)
