Intro

Question 1

systemic observation

Answer 1

observations under controlled conditions

Question 2

empirical methods

Answer 2

approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

Question 3

peer report measures

Answer 3

ask friends and fam about happiness of individual and compare to self report to find discrepencies

Question 4

memory measures

Answer 4

positive people have easier time remembering pleasant events and negative people remember unpleasant events more often

Question 5

biological measures

Answer 5

saliva cortisol samples or fMRI of brain activation

Question 6

organizational psychology

Answer 6

interventions produce higher productivity and satisfaction in the workplace

Question 7

ethics of scientific psychology (6)

Answer 7

1. guidelines for research
2. Informed consent
3. confidentiality
4. privacy
5. benefits
6. deception (researchers debrief after study)

Question 8

Information Age

Answer 8

people have access to answers and explanation via the internet

Question 9

induction

Answer 9

drawing conclusions from specific observations, which are drawn from a ‘sample’ of potential observations

Question 10

commonly cited features of scientific theories and data (5)

Answer 10

1 . accuracy - match real world observations

2. consistency - few exceptions and agrees w other theories
3. scope - theory extends beyond currently available data
4. simplicity - simplest explanation selected
5. fruitfulness - usefulness of the theory

Question 11

falsifiability

Answer 11

Karl Popper - science is distinguished by pseudoscience (practices that are not scientific), because scientific claims can be testable.
* Popper argued against statements that couldn’t be falsified because they block scientific progress

Question 12

inductive reasoning

Answer 12

general conclusion inferred from a set of observations

Question 13

deductive reasoning

Answer 13

form of reasoning in which a given premise determines the interpretation of specific observations
ex: All birds have feathers, since a duck is a bird, it has feathers

Question 14

anecdotal evidence

Answer 14

a piece of biased evidence, drawn from personal experience (common sense)

Question 15

Null Hypothesis significant testing (NHST)

Answer 15

asses the probability that the collected data would be the same if there was no relationship between the variables in the study
Null Hypothesis = statement where 2 variables are not related
*NHST also involves an alternate hypothesis - would show that the statements are related

Question 16

Steps in research

Answer 16

1. collection of data
2. compares expectations vs what they actually find
   - determine if they can reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative hypothesis

Question 17

Distribution

Answer 17

spread of values

Question 18

accurate detection

Answer 18

best possible outcomes…researcher’s conclusions mirror reality, or they find no evidence and no evidence actually exists

Question 19

ways research conclusions can be wrong

Answer 19

Type I error - when researcher concludes there is a relationship where there is not
Type II error - when data fails to show a relationship between 2 variables, when there is one
* significant If p

Question 20

scientific theory

Answer 20

framework for making sense of evidence

• supported by research and has falsifiable competing explanations
• can be described, explained, empirically tested, falsified

Question 21

levels of analysis

Answer 21

idea that a single phenomenon may be explained at a different level simultaneously

Question 22

casuality

Answer 22

determination that one variable causes (or is responsible for) an effect

Question 23

empiricism

Answer 23

all knowledge comes from experience

Question 24

psychophysics

Answer 24

introduced methods for measuring relationships between physical stimuli and human perception

Question 25

introspection

Answer 25

a method of focusing on internal processes

Goal = identify elements of consciousness

Question 26

Wilhelm Wuntd

Answer 26

demonstrated that the mind can be measured

Question 27

structuralism

Answer 27

describes elements of conscious experience

Question 28

Margaret Washburn

Answer 28

first America PHD in psych

Question 29

functionalism

Answer 29

interested in activities of the mind (what it does)

- focuses on utility of consciousness

Question 30

eugenics

Answer 30

promotion of selective breeding to promote desired traits

Question 31

gestalt psychology

Answer 31

can attempt to study the unity of experience.

- believed studying the whole experience was better than just individual aspects

Question 32

behaviourism

Answer 32

study of behaviour
* John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov - influenced behaviourism in America
- neglected mental processes

Question 33

classical conditioning

Answer 33

learning and behaviour controlled by events in environment and could be explained w no reference to mind or consciousness

Question 34

Jerome Bruner

Answer 34

cognitive aspects of sensation and perception

Question 35

Roger Brown

Answer 35

language and memory “flashbulb memory” and “tip of the tongue phenomenon”.

Question 36

George Miller

Answer 36

working memory

Question 37

scientist - practitioner model

Answer 37

emphasizes development of both research and clinical skills

Question 38

scholar - practitioner model

Answer 38

emphasizes clinical practice