Intro*

Question 1

what is the production of blood cells called

Answer 1

haemopoiesis or haematopoiesis

Question 2

where do blood cells come from

Answer 2

small pool of pluripotent stem cells capable of making all the different types of blood cells

Question 3

embryo sites of haematopoiesis

Answer 3

yolk sac then liver

from 3rd to 7th month - spleen

Question 4

sites of haematopoiesis at birth

Answer 4

mostly bone marrow

liver and spleen when needed

Question 5

sites of haematopoiesis - birth to maturity

Answer 5

number of active sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopoiesis

Question 6

sites of haematopoiesis - adult

Answer 6

bone marrow of skill, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur

Question 7

haematopoietic stem cells turnover approx

Answer 7

100 million red blood cells /min
60 mill neutrophils/min
150 mill platelets/min

Question 8

what do red blood cells do

Answer 8

carry oxygen

buffer co2 etc

Question 9

what do platelets do

Answer 9

stop bleeding

Question 10

what do white cells do

Answer 10

fight infection

cancer prevention etc

Question 11

process of erythropoiesis

Answer 11

in bone marrow:
pronormoblast
basophillic/early normoblast
polychromatophillic/intermediate normoblast
orthochromatic/late normoblast

in blood stream:
reticulyte
mature red cell/erythrocyte

Question 12

how are platelets former

Answer 12

budd of the periphery of megakaryocytic

which doesn’t split however the nucleus does divide

Question 13

neutrophils functions

Answer 13

short life in circulation - transit to tissue
phagocyte invaders
kill with granule contents and die in the process
attract other cells
increased by body stress - infection, trauma, infarction

Question 14

fine granulation which imparts a lilac hue to the cytoplasm

Answer 14

neutrophils

Question 15

function of eosinophils

Answer 15

fight parasitic infections
involved in hypersensitivity reactions - allergy
often elevated in px with allergic conditions

Question 16

red orange globular granules in cytoplasm

Answer 16

eosinophils

Question 17

function of basophils

Answer 17

circulating version of tissue mast cell
mediates h/s reaction
Fc receptors bing IgE
granules contain histamine

Question 18

function of monocytes

Answer 18

circulate for a week and enter tissue to become macrophages
phagocyte invades - kill them, present antigen to lymphocytes
attract other cells
live longer than neutrophils

Question 19

function of lymphocytes

Answer 19

numerous types and functions
cognate response to infection
the brains of the immune system

Question 20

what do atypical lymphocytes suggest

Answer 20

intercurrent often viral infection e.g. EBV

Question 21

how can primitive precursors be recognised

Answer 21

immunophenotyping - expression profile of proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells

nil-assays - culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions

Question 22

how to examine the haemopoietic system

Answer 22

look at the peripheral blood
look at the ben marrow
specialised tests of bone marrow
look at other sites of relevance to blood production - splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy

Question 23

where is bone marrow inspected from

Answer 23

posterior iliac crests are common sites for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy