Intro

Question 1

Difference between kinetics and kinematics

Answer 1

Kinematics describe movement without regard to forces; kinetics describe WHY a segment moves

Question 2

Movement of joint surfaces relative to one another

Answer 2

Arthrokinematics

Question 3

Two or more forces with the same orientation and LOA

Answer 3

Linear force system

Question 4

Two or more forces applied to same segment but are not co-linear and converge at some point

Answer 4

Concurrent forces

Question 5

Two or more segments of one muscle or two muscles with common attachment

Answer 5

Resultant forces

Question 6

If applied force does not pass through COM….

Answer 6

Curvilinear movement will occur

Question 7

Describe force couple

Answer 7

2 forces equal in magnitude, opposite in direction; creates rotation at a point midway between the 2 forces

Question 8

When is the moment arm greatest?

Answer 8

When force is perpendicular to lever

Question 9

Explain the three different types of levers

Answer 9

1st class: fulcrum in center, forces on either side

2nd class: fulcrum - resistance force - effort force

3rd class: fulcrum - effort force - resistance force

Question 10

MA of types of levers

Answer 10

1: MA >, 1
3: MA < 1

Question 11

Perks of mechanical disadvantage

Answer 11

Greater ROM, velocity

Question 12

2 types of joints and describe

Answer 12

Synarthroses: fibrous/cartilaginous CT; slight to no mvmt

Diarthroses: synovial membrane, mod - extensive mvmt

Question 13

2 types of synarthroses and examples

Answer 13

Fibrous: sutures of skull

Cartilaginous: symphysis pubis

Question 14

7 elements always associated with diarthroses

Answer 14

1. Synovial fluid
2. Articular cartilage
3. Joint capsule
4. Synovial membrane
5. Ligs
6. Blood vessels
7. Sensory nerves

Question 15

3 classes of diarthrodial joints

Answer 15

Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial

Question 16

Types of uniaxial jts

Answer 16

Hinge, pivot

Question 17

Types of biaxial joints

Answer 17

Condyloid, saddle, ellipsoid

Question 18

Types of triaxial joints

Answer 18

Plane, ball in socket

Question 19

2 components of CT

Answer 19

Cells, ECM

Question 20

4 types of CT cells and where they are located

Answer 20

1. Fibroblast - ligs, tendons
2. Chondrocytes - hyaline and fibrocartilage
3. Tenocytes - tendons
4. Osteocytes - bone

Question 21

2 classes of proteins in fibrous component of ECM

Answer 21

Collagen and elastin

Question 22

Most abundant protein in body

Answer 22

Collagen

Question 23

Describe strength of collagen

Answer 23

Tensile strength similar to steel

Question 24

Difference btw type 1 and 2 collagen

Answer 24

1: stiff, strong, allows very little elongation
2: helps tissues maintain shape, provides internal strength, less tensile strength

Question 25

Where is elastin found?

Answer 25

Structures that require more "give" | Ex: aorta

Question 26

3 types of CT

Answer 26

1. Dense 2. Articular cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage

Question 27

Main type of collagen in dense CT

Answer 27

Type 1

Question 28

Irregular vs regular dense CT

Answer 28

Irregular: angular fibers (capsule) Regular: parallel fibers (lig/tendon)

Question 29

Are tendons or ligs more adapted to larger tensile forces?

Answer 29

Tendons

Question 30

3 types of cartilage

Answer 30

1. Elastic 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Hyaline/articular

Question 31

Where do bones have greatest strength?

Answer 31

Compression along the long axis

Question 32

Define stress

Answer 32

Force/unit area

Question 33

Define strain

Answer 33

% of change in length or cross-section of a structure

Question 34

Increasing strain with little change in stress - force results in permanent deformation

Answer 34

Plastic region of stress-strain curve

Question 35

Define creep

Answer 35

Force remains constant, length changes over time

Question 36

Define stress-relaxation

Answer 36

Force decreases over time, length remains the same

Question 37

Order of muscle structure

Answer 37

``` Monofilament Myofibril Fiber Fascicle Belly ```

Question 38

Define PCSA

Answer 38

Reflects amount of active proteins available to generate contraction force

Question 39

Max force potential is proportional to

Answer 39

Sum of CSA of all of its fibers

Question 40

Where is active force generation strongest?

Answer 40

Resting length of muscle

Question 41

6 factors influencing force production

Answer 41

1. Muscle size (PSCA) 2. Moment arm of muscle 3. Stretch of muscle 4. Velocity 5. Level of muscle fiber recruitment 6. Motor unit types composing the muscle