Axial Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
3 bones of skull related to craniocervical region
A
temporal bones, occipital bone
2
Q
arthrokin of AO joint
A
convex occiput
concave atlas
3
Q
primary WB component of vertebrae
A
body
4
Q
what part of the ribs articulates w TPs of thoracic vert?
A
articular tubercle
5
Q
what does the anterior end of the ribs articulate with?
A
sternum
6
Q
sternum is _______ anteriorly for organ space
A
convex
7
Q
LOG falls to the _______ of each curve at apex
A
concave
8
Q
role of lig flavum
A
resist flexion
9
Q
role of supra/interspinous ligs
A
limit flexion
10
Q
role of intertransverse ligs
A
resist contralateral flexion
11
Q
role of lig nuchae
A
adds support to head
12
Q
role of ALL
A
limits extension
13
Q
role of PLL
A
reinforces intervertebral discs
14
Q
role of capsular ligs
A
limits all motion except extension - can resist up to 10k N of force
15
Q
where are capsular ligs found?
A
around each apophyseal jt
16
Q
cervical region is _______ and most _______
A
smallest and most mobile
17
Q
unique structure found in CS
A
transverse foramina
18
Q
purpose of transverse foramina
A
vertebral artery ascends through these foramina
19
Q
which CS are typical/atypical?
A
C1-2 atypical
C3-6 typical
20
Q
CS _______ in size from sup–> inf direction
A
increase
21
Q
describe transitional areas of the spine
A
vert start looking like segment below them
22
Q
SPs of CS are _____
A
bifidous
23
Q
primary function of atlas
A
support head
24
Q
movements allowed at atlas
A
nodding
25
movement at axis
rotation bc dens
26
AAJ provides how much of the total CS rotation?
50%
27
typical CS vertebrae do not have SP, instead, they have...
anterior and posterior tubercles
28
which CS vert has an SP?
C7
29
stacking of sup/inf articular facets forms..
articular pillar
30
apophyseal joint line is _______ in CS
horizontal BC we need rotation ROM
31
which TS are typical and why?
T2-9
| all articulate with two ribs
32
in TS, pedicles are _______ directed
posteriorly
33
vertebral canal _______ from sup-->inf direction
narrows
34
SPs in TS slant in what direction?
downward
35
apophoseal joint line is _____ in TS
nearly vertical
superior facets = posterior
inferior facets = anterior
36
TPs in TS project...
posterior-laterally
37
why is T1 atypical?
large SP and full costal facet
38
why are T10-12 considered atypical?
full costal facets
39
direction of SPs in LS
horizontally
40
direction of TPs in LS
laterally
41
apophyseal joint line in LS
vertical
42
function of sacrum
transmit weight of vertebral column to pelvis
43
name the 4 joints of the sacrum
1. lumbosacral
2. sacroiliac x2
3. sacrococcygeal
44
orientation of base/apex of sacrum
```
base = faces superiorly
apex = faces inferiorly
```
45
function of SP and TP
increase mechanical leverage of muscles/ligs
46
2 intervertebral joints
apophyseal joints
| interbody joints
47
R rotation =
anterior surface of vertebrae is moving in R direction
*talking about top vert moving on bottom vert*
48
vertebral facets block these two movements
anterior translation and axial rotation
49
how many pairs of apophyseal joints are there?
24
50
horizontal facets favor ________
axial rotation
51
how to IV discs protect apophyseal joints?
minimizing compressive loads
52
lowest pressure body position for IV discs
supine
53
highest pressure body position for IV discs
lifting something with knees extended and hips flexed
54
how many DOF at AO joint?
2
| primarily flex/ext and slight lateral flexion
55
how many DOF at AA joint?
2
| rotation and flexion/extension
56
angle of facets from C2-7 - what is unique about this?
45º
| allows 3 DOF
57
arthrokinematics of vert extension/flexion
extension: facets glide posteriorly/inferiorly
flexion: facets glide anteriorly/superiorly
58
which has more motion: protraction or retraction?
protraction
59
protraction _____ mid/lower CS and ______ upper CS
flexes; extends
60
arthrokinematics of axial rotation
same side glides posterior; opposite side glides anterior
61
arthrokinematics of intracervical lateral flexion
inferior/posterior glide on side of closing facet
62
arthrokinematics of AO joint lateral flexion
cranium rolls/slides in opposite directions
63
arthrokinematics of AO joint flexion/extension
roll and glide in opposite directions
64
describe the effect of flexion/extension on migration of nucleus pulposus
```
flexion = posterior migration
extension = anterior migration
```
65
describe cervical spine coupling
mechanical coupling between ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation
66
what is the main reason for limited movement in the TS?
ribs
67
why does LS have more flex/ext than rotation?
facet orientation close to saggital plane
68
full lumbar _____ increases diameter of foramen by 19%
flexion
69
intervention to reduce spinal n root pressure due to narrowing of foramen
LS flexion
70
prolonged LS flexion increases....
compressive force on disc, deforming gel posteriorly = HNP
71
full lumbar flexion ___________ within disc
reduces pressure
72
prolonged LS ext increases...
contact pressure btw articular facets
73
normal forward fold LS flexion/hip flexion ROM values
LS 40º
hip 70º
occur simultaneously
74
extension of trunk w knees extended is initiated by __________ followed by _________
ext of hips
ext of spine
reduces load on lumbar spine and extensor muscles by waiting until moment arm of gravity decreases
75
what muscles contribute to ant pelvic tilt/LS lordosis?
hip flexors and back extensors
76
what muscles contribute to post pelvic tilt/LS neutral?
hip extensors and abdominals
77
SI joint designed for _____
stability
78
believed to be a source of pain in 15-30% of people with LBP
SI joint dysfunction
79
nutation
anterior sacral tilt + posterior iliac tilt
80
counternutation
posterior sacral tilt + anterior iliac tilt
81
nutation torque increases...
stability at SI
82
why is nutation torque more stable?
BW transmitted through L5, anterior to 1st sacral vert, GRF creates post rotation of ilium
83
BW causes _____ rotation of sacrum
anterior
84
hip joint compression causes _____ rotation of ilium
posterior
85
lack of intrinsic muscle control leads to...
vulnerable vertebral column
86
intrinsic muscles stabilize spine by controlling ______ and _______ at intervertebral junctions
alignment and stiffness
87
SCM can _____ at upper CS and _____ at lower CS
extend; flex
88
full axial rotation gives near _________ of visual scanning
180º
89
TA is an ______ muscle
anticipatory
90
lumbopelvic instability is associated with ____
DDD
91
4 interventions for lumbopelvic instability
1. deep stabilizer activation
2. challenge wide variety of trunk muscles
3. muscle endurance
4. challenge postural control/proprioception
92
arthrokinematics of lumbar/thoracic lateral flexion
just superior and inferior movement - no AP movement like in cervical
