Intra

Question 1

There are multiple factors that may affect a constable’s perceptions of online fraud

Answer 1

agences ayant des procédures et des politqiues claires(Agencies with no clearly written policies on how to respond to victims may make it harder for constables to understand the similarities between traditional crime and online fraud and how they should respond accordingly )

, he individual constable’s views toward online incidents and offenses are also likely to shape their willingness to investigate and pursue investigationsConstables who view online frauds as similar to those occurring offline may feel more prepared to respond to cases

The received constables’ occupational training and their on-the-job experiences may also shape their feelings of preparedness toward these offenses. Specifically, constables’ skill and comfort with technology with more personal experience with technology may be more aware of the potential risks for victimization and theft

Prior cybercrime training and experience investigating these cases in the field may also lead constables to feel more prepared by improving their awareness of the negative consequences of fraud (ense que la police néglige et que ça devrait plus être un priorité)

Occupational and demographic backgrounds of constables may also influence their ability to respond to online fraud calls for service
===Response officers typically serve in general patrol roles and are the primary point of contact for the public
=== Criminal Investigation constables may be detectives, and typically handle complex cases which may include fraud Thus, individuals serving in CID roles may be more likely to deal with fraud cases generally and feel more prepared to respond.

===It is also unclear how race and gender may influence constables’ feelings of preparedness. Limited research has found that white officers were more likely to agree that cybercrime was not taken seriously by law enforcement while males and females differed on views of cybercrime severity (Bossler and Holt 2012; Holt et al. 2018). Constables with less formal education may be less likely to feel prepared

Question 2

Comment défineriez vous la fraude ?

Answer 2

Fraud can be broadly defined as the criminal acquisitiion d’argent ou la propriété d’une vicitme par la tromperie, la manipulation, la tricherie.

Question 3

Pourquoi la fraude a migré vers le cyberespace plutôt que de se faire en eprsonne ?

Answer 3

Accès à une grande population simultanément. greater impact on victims through virtual environments

Question 4

Il existe plusieurs types de cyberfraude, qu’ont-ils en commun ?

Answer 4

request for money or personal information from a victim

Question 5

Online fraud (also known as cyberfraud or Internet fraud) poses a significant challenge to society

Answer 5

with emotional and economic losses for the millions of victims affected by these crimes every day

Question 6

En quoi L’intervention policière n’est non seulement pas satisfaisante en ce qui à trait à la fraude, mais en quoi elle peut même être négative ?

Answer 6

Their response may actually make the experience worse due to officers’ negative perceptions of both victims and the offenses (having their victimization trivialized by officers, and finding themselves blamed for their own victimization )

Question 7

en ce qui à trait à sa dénonciation, en quoi la fraude est un crime particulièrement unique ?

Answer 7

Fraud is unique to other crime types in that there is a multiplicity of agencies to which victims can report. This includes the police but also extends to consumer protection, financial institutions, and several government and non-government agencies.this encompasses the criminal justice system, civil system, and other statutory and private systems.

the general constabulary often serves as the first point of contact for crime victims, regardless of the offense

Question 8

fraud has historically not been the priority of police agencies, pourquoi ?

Answer 8

This is reflected in the absence of fraud being listed as a performance target for police agencies (a lack of recognition in published police priority areas

increased focus among police on street crimes may reinforce the myth that fraud is not a serious offense,

Question 9

In subsequent years, many factors have contributed to a perceived decline in the ability of police to respond to fraud, quels sont-ils?

Answer 9

shifting policing priorities, reducing budgets, changing management structures, and demanding constables spend time engaging in front-line and public-facing services

general lack of resources, few specialists dedicated to fraud, the complex nature of reporting online fraud cases, and limited information sharing from the national to local level (

Question 10

The concurrent rise in a centralized police response to fraud may be part of this issue taht police has problem to respond to fraud, how come ?

Answer 10

leading local police to feel they have no real response role in these crimes (D’autres agences s’occupent du problèem)

Question 11

Quelles recommandations peut-on tirer de l’étude de Bossler ?

Answer 11

Beyond agency-level resources, there may be substantial value in the implementation of early training programs to ensure incoming generations of constables realize the problem of cybercrime generally and online fraud specifically
===a system-wide training program for select officers would help facilitate a knowledge base that would create cascading benefits

this study demonstrated the value of creating, implementing, and reinforcing policies and procedures related to online incidents and crime.

this study suggests agencies without clear policies and procedures about online fraud incidents should be encouraged to create and discuss them with the constabulary. Having educational materials to provide to victims did not make officers feel better prepared to respond.

In addition, this study demonstrated that constables’ exposure to online fraud cases in the field shapes their perceived ability to respond to these cases
==Thus, promoting awareness of these cases and investigations during agency shift meetings may prove value to help diffuse best practices within the agency, which should also improve officers’ ability to respond

Beyond agency-level resources, there may be substantial value in the implementation of early training programs to ensure incoming generations of constables realize the problem of cybercrime generally and online fraud specifically.
===Beyond agency-level resources, there may be substantial value in the implementation of early training programs to ensure incoming generations of constables realize the problem of cybercrime generally and online fraud specifically.

Question 12

el. While recommendations from research can influence policy makers, police administrators generally follow one of three paths in the adoption of innovative practices and policies, quels sont-ils ?

Answer 12

contingency theory posits that organizations change their behavior as a rational response to a perceived threat (these crimes are increasing across jurisdiction)

The second explanation for policing policy change comes from resource dependence theory. Police departments depend on financial support from local, state, and federal governments. This dependence affects departments’ abilities to realize goals and they often must conform to resource providers’ expectations or risk losing scare resources

Third, police leaders often implement new policies because they are following their peers’ lead. Institutional theory proposes police department adopt practices to appear legitimate to other agencies and industry principals
===As early adopters in the policing industry, typically big city agencies, implement practices and then promote them, smaller agencies begin to copy them

Question 13

Apart from the immense material damage that can result from fraud, intentional deception often results in what ?

Answer 13

long-term mental damage and a general loss of interpersonal trust for its victims.

Question 14

Convincingly deceiving fraud someone requires what ?

Answer 14

assuming another person’s perspective and emotional world, mentally generating and remembering complex sequences of action,

Question 15

Unlike most other groups of offenders, fraudsters who deceive their victims face-to-face appear to have what ?

Answer 15

particularly good cognitive and socio-emotional abilities, especially a high level of self-control.

===fraudsters seem to have very good observational abilities and to be extremely sensitive to the perception of the emotional state of their counterparts

Question 16

According to the Fraud Triangle (Cressey, 1953; Kranacher et al., 2010), fraud maintains three prerequisites, what are they ?

Answer 16

he fraudster has the motivation to commit the fraud, the fraudster has an opportunity to deceive, and the fraudster has cognitive justification strategies that can be used during and after the act of fraud to support his or her actions.

Question 17

what has been added to the fraud triangle to call it fraud diamond ?

Answer 17

Wolfe and Hermanson (2004) added another factor to the fraud model that also takes the fraudster’s abilities into account (Fraud Diamond mode

===This specification additionally implies that an individuals’ ability to deceive (e.g. particular empathic, cognitive or emotional abilities) influences the likelihood of fraud.

Question 18

quelles sont les motivations communes de tout fraudeurs ?

Answer 18

With regard to the fraud-specific motivation to commit a crime, the pursuit of a lifestyle beyond one’s means and the desire for personal gain have been identified as common motives of fraudsters

EN PLUS : In addition, the pursuit of superiority and power (e.g. being able to successfully deceive the victim or to exploit business procedures for a specific purpose) appears to be a particular incentive for fraudulent behaviour (

Question 19

Qu’est-ce qui différencie les fraudeurs d’autres criminels plus violents ? En quoi ce genre de personalité les fait concevoir les autres et facilite l’atteinte de leur but ?

Answer 19

Compared with violent offenders and non-offenders, fraudsters display a personality structure with pronounced Machiavellian egoism (Boeger, 2017). Other studies have identified narcissism as arisk factor for fraudulent behaviour (Perri, 2011; Price and Norris, 2009). Both narcissists and Machiavellians view others primarily in terms of their usefulness and manipulate them to achieve their own goals

Question 20

Avec le genre de personnalité souvent reliés aux fraudeurs, qU,est-ce qui augmente le risque de commettre une fraude ?

Answer 20

Generally, however, dissatisfaction at work (e.g. due to unfavourable working conditions, a strained relationship with superiors or colleagues or limited opportunities for promotion) increases the risk of committing fraud, especially in individuals with narcissistic and Machiavellian personality traits.

Question 21

In terms of fraud-specific skills what is the most important ?

Answer 21

In terms of fraud-specific skills, socio-emotional competencies are the most important.

Question 22

According to Health (2008), fraudsters are quite capable of reflecting on what is morally right or wrong so what can explain their tendency to cheat and manipulate ?

Answer 22

Special cognitive justification strategies appear to allow for immoral behaviour despite an average-developed moral judgement without leading to profound moral conflicts : With regard to moral development, in line with hypotheses, face-to-face fraudsters and non-convicts are classified as being in the same stage and thus stand out from violent offenders’ lower-stage morality. The investigated fraudsters are at Stage 3 of a “morally mature” level of development

==The denial of one’s own responsibility for damage caused and the lack of recognising the fraud victim as such are common among fraudsters (Anand et al., 2004).
===Based on experience, fraudsters appear to be more likely to use existing fraud-specific justification schemes compared with other groups of offenders (K

Question 23

Bref, comment on explique que les fraudeurs ont un stage de moralité mature, mais que leur conduite en dévie significativement ?

Answer 23

his case, the justification schemes activated during fraud would generate beliefs that undermine the main moral principles of the fraudster :

-. According to the norm activation theory (Harland et al., 2007), moral behaviour is strongly dependent on situational responsibility.
=Another explanation for the discrepancy between moral abilities and moral behaviour in fraudsters may lie in the possibility that the fraudsters deliberately presented themselves as they wouldlike to be seenwhenansweringthemoralquestionsinthis study

Question 24

From a therapeutic point of view, what could be a good strategy or bad strategy in interviewing ?

Answer 24

confronting and critically examining fraudsters’ underlying self-schemata too early runs the risk of leading to a drastic deterioration of the therapist–patient relationship as well as to a reduction of the motivation to change.

Therapeutic work on relationship motives (“In general, I wish that I were able to rely on others”) should basically have the goal of promoting access to fraudsters’ social lives. Developing the importance of his or her social relationships and supporting the establishment of closer personal relationships could strengthen his or her awareness and sense of responsibility for fellow human beings.

Question 25

Et quelles seraient les mesures préventives afin de prévenir la fraude en milieu de travail ?

Answer 25

o shape working conditions to counteract the preconditions for fraud :

In this context, twomeasurescan berecommended:first,itisnecessary to adopt a structural orientation of work processes that is geared more towards teamwork among employees via a clear delineation of responsibility for individual tasks
====eamwork maintains several advantages: It counteracts the competitive behaviour between employees and eliminates the basis for risky recognition motives. In addition, teamwork strengthens employees’ social cohesion, calls for social consideration,

Second, corporate management should adopt and present an ethically correct role model function for its employees
===orporate management that is designed with maximum profit in mind and neglects collective interests or principles simultaneously promotes fraudulent behaviou

Question 26

Qu’est-ce qu’est le secondary trauma et pourquoi les conseillers bénévoles sont probablement plus à risque d’en souffrir ?

Answer 26

n the literature, trauma counsellors are generally understood to be secondary victims (Iliffe and Steed 2000) as a result of their role in listening to the harm and suffering experienced by victims across a range of contexts. Further to this, the term secondary trauma or vicarious trauma has been used to capture “the process of a counsellor experiencing similar trauma symptoms to the primary victim” (ibid.: 393).

unlike professionals, volunteers may not always be trained in the area of self-care

Question 27

Stemming from this literature, there are four indicators of secondary trauma that frame the current analysis.

Answer 27

-The first relates to the distressing nature of calls.
== can impact a counsellor through intrusive thoughts, sleep disruption
===A perceived lack of adequate knowledge on the part of a volunteer was also a source of anxiety

-The second indicator of secondary trauma relates to the maintenance of boundaries between a counsellor and a victim, whereby it can be difficult for the counsellor to establish and maintain an effective professional-personal life balance
===This includes a concern and anxiety about the ongoing well-being of victims when they are no longer in contact (Iliffe and Steed 2000). T

-The third indicator of secondary trauma relates to the repeat victimization of a small number of victims. This can be a source of frustration for those in counselling positions (Kinzel and Nanson 2000), and both chronic and repeat victimization are well-established realities in cases of fraud victimization
===that repeat callers can incite feelings of incompetence in the volunteers,

• The final indicator used in the current analytic framework is the potential to speak with someone who is suicidal and the anxiety associated with this potential scenario.

===However, not all volunteers were confident in their ability to talk to someone under these circumstances, as is particularly evident in the last example.
=====o undertake suicide-prevention training so that they gain the skills and knowledge they need to confidently communicate with a suicidal victim.

Question 28

coping mechanisms outlined in the literature to deal with the pressure of responding to disturbant calls.

Answer 28

• First, there is a focus on the positive and being able to identify beneficial outcomes arising from the role
• Second, there is a reliance on collegial support

Question 29

Expliquez pourquoi le fait d’avoir été fraudé est un risque pour l’e^tre de nouveau %

Answer 29

Offenders will trade details of known victims with other offenders, who will then target a victim with a recovery scheme

Question 30

Discuss the coping factors employed by the SSU volunteers

Answer 30

Two main strategies were identified:

-focusing on the positives
===The positive impact and benefits that they see in their role appears to have a strong buffering effect on the ongoing challenges of providing support to this group of victims. eing able to see the positive impact that their work has had reinforces the strengths and skills of those providing support more generally

-seeking collegial support
===. However, there is also a need for organizations to take on this responsibility
===These comments indicate that the CAFC has established a strong culture that positively reinforces and acknowledges the work of the volunteers.

Question 31

Résumez les recommandations donnée par l’étude quant aux bénévolat en situation de relation d’aide

Answer 31

clear need for specific training to include self-care for those who support fraud victims,

and there is also an identified need to provide specific types of training, such as suicide-prevention training

better understand the dynamics of the relationship between those who support victims and the victims themselves to allow for a more effective means of supporting those in a caring role.