Into to Carbs

Question 1

carbohydrate formula

Answer 1

CnH2O

Question 2

role of carbohydrate

Answer 2

store energy
make up part of DNA/RNA
bacteria cell wall and ECM
Sometime links to proteins andd lipids as glyconjugates

Question 3

what makes up maltose

Answer 3

2 glucose : (Glc-a(1,4)-Glc)

Question 4

what makes up lactose

Answer 4

glucose and galactose (Gal-b(1,4)-Glc)

Question 5

what makes up sucrose

Answer 5

glucose and fructose (Glc-a(1,2)-Fru)

Question 6

oligosaccharides vs polsccharides

Answer 6

3-20 subunits vs 100s

Question 7

chiral carbon

Answer 7

GLYCERALDEHYDE
Therefore, exists in two enantiomeric forms: D (dextrorotary) and L (levorotary)
Non-superimposable mirror images
Rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions

Question 8

What is an stereoisomer

Answer 8

atoms are connected in same order with different spatial arrangement

Question 9

constitutional isomers

Answer 9

different order of attachment

GLYCERALDEHYDE VS DIHYDROXYACETONE

Question 10

Epimers ?

Answer 10

type of diastereomers that differ at 1 carbon
D galactose and D glucose
also ribose and deoxyribose

Question 11

anomers ?

Answer 11

alpha delta glucose and b delta glucose

different hemi/acetal carbonn in cyclic structure

Question 12

diasteroisomer

Answer 12

not mirror images

D- ALTROSE AND D-GLUCOSE

Question 13

ENANTIOMERS

Answer 13

mirror image

D Glycrtaldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde

Question 14

In anomers cyclization involves intramolecular nucleophilic attack on

Answer 14

penultimate OH on carbonyl (C1) carbon

Question 15

type of hemiactal anomer vs hemiketal anomer

Answer 15

hemiacteal : alpha delta glucopyranose and beta delta glucopyranose
hemi keta; is alpha/beta delta fructofuranose

Question 16

reducing sugar

Answer 16

All have, or can form, a free aldehyde group

Question 17

reducing sugar examples

Answer 17

glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, maltose, lactose

Question 18

why isn’t sucrose a reducing sugar

Answer 18

Because its C2 carbon is “tied up” in forming an acetal linkage

Question 19

why is fructose a reducing sugar

Answer 19

because a “keto-enol tautomerization” allows formation of aldehyde from ketone

Question 20

lactose intolerant ?

Answer 20

deficency in the expressionof the gebe for the enzyme lactase which breaks down lactose

Question 21

types of Starch?

Answer 21

amylose and amylopectin

Question 22

amylose ?

Answer 22

Linear polymer of glucose
Essentially “polymaltose”
Only a(1,4) linkages

Question 23

Amylopectin?

Answer 23

Branched every 30 residues 
Contains a(1,6) branch points as well as a(1,4) linkages

Question 24

glycogen ?

Answer 24

storage form of glucose in animals in the liver and muscle

Question 25

cellulose

Answer 25

b(1,4) linkages
Alternating residues are “flipped”;
High tensile strength: found in woody stems of plants, blades of grass
Hydrolyzed by the enzyme cellulase

Question 26

cellulase

Answer 26

humans lack

humans cant breakdown cellulose

Question 27

glycosaminosglycans?

Answer 27

Found in the ECM in proteoglycans
Complex of carbohydrate and protein
Very large

Question 28

role of glycosaminosglycans?

Answer 28

Roles: cushioning, lubrication, adhesion

Question 29

secreted proteins in glycosylation?

Answer 29

EPO, LSH, TSH

Question 30

glycoconjugates

Answer 30

glycoproteins
proteoglycans
glycolipids

Question 31

proteoglcyan

Answer 31

a glycoconjugate that are made up of proteins and GAGs

Question 32

example of a proteoglycan?

Answer 32

aggrecan-component of cartilage, acts as shock absorber

Question 33

the globular domain of aggrecan

Answer 33

involved in hyaluronan binding,
cell adhesion
chondrocyte apoptosis