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Cardiology > Into to atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Into to atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions and properties of the endothelial cells?

A
  • Maintenance of permeability barrier
  • Elaboration of molecules that modulate coagulation
  • Extracellular matrix production
  • Modulation of blood flow and vascular reactivity
  • Regulation of inflammation and immunity
  • Regulation of cell growth
  • Oxidation of LDL
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2
Q

What are the anticoagulant molecules produced by endothelial cells?

A
  • Prostacyclin
  • Thrombomodulin
  • Heparin-like molecules
  • Plasminogen activator
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3
Q

What are the prothrombotic molecules produced by endothelial cells?

A
  • Von willebrand factor
  • Tissue factor
  • Plasminogen activator inhibitor
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4
Q

What are the vasoconstrictors produced by endothelial cells?

A

Endothelin, angiotensin converting enzyme

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5
Q

What are the vasodilators produced by endothelial cells?

A

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

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6
Q

What are the molecules involved in inflammation and immunity of endothelial cells?

A

IL-1, IL-6, chemokines, adhesion molecules, histocompatability antigens

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7
Q

What are the cell growth stimulators produced by endothelial cells?

A

Platelet derived growth F, colony stimulating factor, fibroblast growth factor

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8
Q

What are the cell growth inhibitors produced by endothelial cells?

A

heparin, transforming growth factor-B

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9
Q

What are some of the effects of LDL modifications?

A
  • Increased adhesion molecule expression
  • Expression of chemokines, Ck receptors
  • Amplification of platelet activation
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10
Q

What are some of the LDL modifications that promote LDL to be taken in by scavenger receptors and therefore remain in the periphery/hepatocytes?

A

Lipid oxidation, ApoB fragmentation, Glycation, Immune complexes

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11
Q

During leukocyte recruitment, what are some of the selectins involved with rolling?

A

LFA-1/ICAM-1

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12
Q

During leukocyte recruitment, what are some of the selectins involved with arrest?

A
  • LFA-1/ICAM-1
  • VLA4/VCAM1
  • MAC-1/ICAM-1
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13
Q

During leukocyte recruitment, what are some of the selectins involved with adhesion strengthening?

A

VAV1, VAV3, PI3Kgamma, SCR kinases

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14
Q

During leukocyte recruitment, what are some of the selectins involved with crawling?

A
  • MAC-1/ICAM-1

- LFA-1/ICAM-1

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15
Q

During transmigration, what are some of the selectins involved with transmigration?

A
  • PECAM-1
  • LFA-1/JAM-A
  • CD99
  • ESAM
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16
Q

During intimal/medial thickening and response to vascular injury, what are some of the proliferative factors involved?

A

PDGF-BB, IGF-1, bFGF, TGF-b, EGF, ANGII

17
Q

During neointima formation, what are some of the characteristics that occur in this process?

A
  • Change in smooth muscle phenotype
  • Lose contractility
  • Grain proliferative and migratory capacity
  • Gain synthetic capacity: Extracellular matrix
  • Fibroblast proliferation and collagen production
18
Q

What are the constituents of the fibrous cap in an atheroma?

A
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • macrophages
  • Foam cells
  • Lymphocytes
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Proteoglycans
  • neovascularization
19
Q

What are some of the constituents of the necrotic center in an atheroma?

A

Cell debris, cholesterol crystals, foam cells, calcium

20
Q

What are some of the characteristics of a complicated lesion?

A
  • Advanced lesion
  • Patchy or massive calcification
  • Focal rupture or ulceration of luminal surface (exposure of thrombogenic constituents/atheroembolization)
  • Intra-plaque hemorrhage
  • Superimposed thrombosis
  • Weakening of tunica media (thinning of tunica media, loss of elastic tissue with aneurysmal dilation
21
Q

Assemble the following in order of highest incidence of atherosclerosis to lowest: Internal carotids, descending thoracic aorta, circle of willis, abdominal aorta, popliteal arteries, coronoary arteries

A
  1. Abdominal aorta
  2. Coronary arteries
  3. Popliteal arteries
  4. Descending thoracic aorta
  5. Internal carotids
  6. Circle of Willis
22
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. HTN
  3. Dyslipidemia-high LDL/low HDL
  4. DM/ Metabolic syndrome
  5. Sedentary lifestyle
23
Q

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Family Hx-genetics

Cardiology (18 decks)

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