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VETS1003 > Intestines, rectum and anus > Flashcards

Intestines, rectum and anus Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 components of the small intestine, in order

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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2
Q

Name the 3 components of the large intestine, in order

A

Caecum, colon, rectum

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3
Q

Name the 4 functions of the intestines (hint if needed: movement, major site of ____, absorption of ___,___,___ and to _____/_____ residues)

A
  1. Movement of ingesta from stomach -> anus
  2. Major site of ingestion
  3. To absorb water, ions and products of digestion
  4. To concentrate and lubricate indigestible residues
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4
Q

What type of species would a caecum be relevant to digestion?

A

Herbivores or high plant material diets -> for fermentation

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5
Q

Name the parts of the duodenum (in order)

A

Cranial part, cranial flexure, descending duodenum, caudal flexure, ascending duodenum

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6
Q

Which part of the duodenum is most closely associated with the liver/ pancreas, receives bile and pancreatic ducts

A

Cranial flexure

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7
Q

The cranial flexure is attached to the liver via the ______

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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8
Q

What is the name of the flexure where the ascending duodenum/ jejunum merge?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

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9
Q

What structure connects the ascending duodenum to the descending colon?

A

Duodenocolic fold of the mesentery

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10
Q

What structure is the longest in the small intestine?

A

Jejunum

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11
Q

What mesentery supports the jejunum?

A

Mesojejunal mesentery

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12
Q

Which artery, when combined with the mesenteries, forms the ‘root/ origin of the mesenteries’?

A

Cranial mesenteric a.

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13
Q

Is the junction between the ileum and jejunum well distinguished? ELABORATE

A

No, but can be defined by the presence of the antimesenteric ileal branch

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14
Q

what structure attaches the ileum to the caecum?

A

Ileocaecal fold

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15
Q

What structure does the ileum terminate at, and what structure does this lead into?

A

Ileal orifice -> caecocolic junction

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16
Q

What is the name of the sphincter located at the caecocolic junction?

A

Ileocolic sphincter

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17
Q

What is the function/ benefit of the ileocolic sphincter

A

Prevention of reflux of LI contents into ileum

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18
Q

At the pylorus, on a histology level, what structures disappear, and what appear

A

Pyloric glands disappear, crypts of lieberkuhn (intestinal glands) and duodenal glands (of Brunner), villi appear

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19
Q

How is absorption facilitated in the small intestine?

A

Increased surface area (by surface folds) and villi (lamina propria projections)

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20
Q

Name the layers of the GIT from the inside out

A

Tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa/ adventitia

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21
Q

Name the 3 types of cells located within the epithelium of the tunica mucosa (of the GIT)

A

Enterocytes (absorptive cells), goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells

22
Q

Describe the layer the enterocytes form in the tunica mucosa epithelium.

A

Enterocytes form an absorptive layer of simple columnar epithelium with a border of microvilli (in a protective coat of mucopolysaccharide - which contains glycocalyx, a digestive enzyme)

23
Q

Describe the function of goblet cells.

A

Secrete mucin/ mucigen helping to form a barrier

24
Q

Within the tunica mucosa, what is the layer of loose connective tissue containing elastic fibres.

A

Lamina propria

25
Q

What material makes up the core of the villi, as well as fills in the spaces between them?

A

Lamina propria

26
Q

What structures are located within the lamina propria

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn (intestinal glands), blood and lymph vessels, and lymphatic tissue

27
Q

What vessel drains each villus?

A

Central lymph vessel (or ‘lacteal)

28
Q

What are the nodules of lymphatic tissue called when located in the Ileum, and which layer/s are they located in (tunica ___)

A

Peyer’s patches -> may extend through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa

29
Q

The anti-mesenteric wall will always contain nodules called what?

A

Peyer’s pathches

30
Q

Describe the epithelial cells overlying the peyer’s patches

A

Flattened, with long microvilli, no villi or glandular crypts

31
Q

What are the 3 components in the tunica mucosa

A

Lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, epithelium

32
Q

Within the muscularis mucosae (of the tunica mucosa), the circular muscle layer is _____, and the longitudinal layer is _____ (outer, inner).

A

Circular -> inner
Longitudinal -> outer

33
Q

Brunner (duodenal glands):
Type of gland (secretion and structure)

A

Alkaline, mucoid gland
Simple, branched tubulo-acinar or alveolar glands

34
Q

What is the prominent plexus located in the tunica submucosa

A

Meissner’s

35
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the tunica muscularis layer?

A

To propel food caudally + to mix contents

36
Q

A thin layer of connective tissue divides the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer (of the tunica muscularis), which plexus is located within here?

A

Myenteric (auerbach’s)

37
Q

Describe the structure of the tunica serosa.

A

Simple squamous epithelia which overlies 3 layers of connective tissue (2 collagen layers sandwiching 1 layer of elastic fibres).

38
Q

What structure joins the colon to the caecum?

A

Ileocaecal orifice

39
Q

Name the 3 parts of the colon.

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

40
Q

Is the small or large intestine absent of villi?
And do the number of goblet cells increase as you move caudal or cranial?
Do the crypts of lieberkuhn become deeper or more shallow as you move caudally from SI -> LI

A

Large intestine is absent of villi
Goblet cells increase as you move caudal
Crypts become deeper as you move caudal from SI -> LI

41
Q

Name the 3 zones in the mucosa and submucosa region of the anus

A

Columnar, intermediate, cutaneous

42
Q

Which zone are the anal glands located in, and which zone do they continue into?

A

Columnar zone, and continue into the intermediate zone

43
Q

Name the 3 unpaired a.s that arise from the aorta in the abdomen, where each supplies part of the intestine.

A

Coliac, cranial mesenteric, caudal mesenteric

44
Q

What organs are supplied by the cranial mesenteric a.?

A

Supplies intestine from distal duodenum -> transverse (middle) colon

45
Q

What organs are supplied by the caudal mesenteric a.?

A

Supplies the descending colon ->proximal rectum

46
Q

What a. supplies the distal rectum/ anus?

A

Internal pudendal a.

47
Q

Describe the venous drainage from the intestines

A

The blood from the intestines flow through progressively larger veins -> hepatic portal vein -> liver

48
Q

Lymph from the area supplied by the cranial mesenteric a. (say which area this is again) drains to what lymph node centre?

A

Area supplied by cranial mesenteric a.: distal duodenum -> transverse colon.
Drains to cranial mesenteric lymph centre

49
Q

Lymph from the area supplied by the caudal mesenteric a. (say which area this is again) drains to what lymph node centre?

A

Area supplied by caudal mesenteric a.: descending colon -> proximal rectum
Lymph centre: Caudal mesenteric lymph centre

50
Q

Where do efferent lymphatics drain to?

A

Intestinal or lumbar trunks

VETS1003 (19 decks)

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