Intestinal Problems 7 - Diseases of small bowel and appendix Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of bowel obstruction?

A

MechanicalAdynamic (ileus)

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2
Q

What are the causes of small bowel obstruction?

A

Extrinsic compression (adhesions, hernias, volvulus)Intramural (crohns)Intraluminal (tumour, gallstones)Ileus

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3
Q

Initial management of a small bowel obstruction?

A

ABCAnalgesiaIV fluids (with potassium)NG tube (to decompress the stomach - ryles tube)Catheter and urine output monitoringAntithromboembolism treatment

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4
Q

What is “drip and suck”?

A

NG to decompress the stomach - “suck”IV fluids - “drip”

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5
Q

What electrolyte imbalance do patients with small bowel obstruction tend to have?

A

AlkalosisHyokalaemia

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6
Q

What are the appropriate investigations for a small bowel obstruction?

A

AXR (to look for dilated small bowel loops)CT

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7
Q

What type of obstructions do you always need to do surgery for?

A

Hernias

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8
Q

How long should you drip and suck for?

A

Up to 72 hours for adhesion however intervene earlier if strangulation, ischaemia, perforation

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9
Q

Surgical management of treatment of small bowel obstruction?

A

Laparotomy - can be done laparoscopicallyFind the obstruction by following collapse or dilated bowelResect if necessary

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10
Q

How does ischaemic gut appear in comparison to the normal gut?

A

Darker

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11
Q

Symptoms of chronic mesenteric ischaemia?

A

“angina of the gut”CrampsAtherosclerosisLoss weight as eating brings on the pain

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12
Q

Symptoms of acute mesenteric ischaemia?

A

Severe abdominal painFew abdominal signsRapid hypovolaemia

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13
Q

Investigations for acute mesenteric ischaemia?

A

Metabolic acidosisMay be increased Hb (due to loss of plasma)WCC raisedMay be a modestly raised amylaseAbdominal x-ray shows a gasses abdomenArteriography/ angiographyMany only diagnosed at laproscopy

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14
Q

How is acute mesenteric ischaemia treated?

A

resuscitation with fluidsMetronidzole and gentamicinHeparinThrombolysis can be performed if reperfusionableDead bowel resected

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15
Q

Investigations for chronic mesenteric ischaemia?

A

CT angiographyMR angiography

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16
Q

Treatment of chronic mesenteric ischaemia?

A

Angioplasty and stent insertion

17
Q

When does appendicitis tend to present?

A

Usually childhood/ young adulthoodAnother peak in elderly population

18
Q

What can happen in terms of the omentum in relation to appendicitis?

A

Presence of inflammation in the abdomen can bring the greater momentum over to cover itThe small bowe can adhere to this causing a phlegmonous mass

19
Q

Signs of appendicitis?

A

Mild pyrexia (never a high temperature initially)Mild tachycardiaLocalised pain in RIFGuardingRebound tenderness

20
Q

What is Rosving’s sign?

A

a sign of appendicitis. If palpation of the left lower quadrant of a person’s abdomen increases the pain felt in the right lower quadrant, the patient is said to have a positive Rovsing’s sign and may have appendicitis.

21
Q

What is mesenteric adenitis?

A

Mesenteric adenitis means swollen (inflamed) lymph glands in the tummy (abdomen), which cause abdominal pain. It is not usually serious and usually gets better without treatment. Mesenteric adenitis is a fairly common cause of abdominal pain in children aged under 16 years. It is much less common in adults.

22
Q

Investigations for acute appendicitis?

A

Blood test may reveal high neutrophil levels and high CRPUSS may helpCTAXR to exclude other causes

23
Q

Management of acute appendicitis?

A

Prompt appendectomyAntibioticsAnalgesiaAntipyretics

24
Q

Management of mass on the appendix (due to acute appendicitis)?

A

Antibiotics fir lineTake to theatre if worsen