Interventional Cardio Flashcards
What is the primary clinical means of estimating inotropy in echocardiography?
Calculation of ejection fraction (EF)
EF is a surrogate for inotropy and can be influenced by preload, afterload, and autonomic tone.
What is considered a normal ejection fraction (EF)?
55% or greater
Fill in the blank: Severe aortic stenosis is characterized by a valve area of < ______ cm2.
1
What are the classifications of systolic dysfunction based on EF?
- Mild: EF 45-54%
- Moderate: EF 30-44%
- Severe: EF <30%
What is a common indication for performing an echocardiogram?
New onset atrial fibrillation
True or False: A normal echocardiogram can exclude the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
False
A TTE can identify vegetations, but a normal study cannot exclude the diagnosis.
What is the purpose of a stress echocardiogram?
To identify reversible ischemic myocardial dysfunction
What is the gold standard for 3-D analysis of cardiothoracic anatomy?
Cardiac MRI
What is the primary indication for cardiac catheterization?
Evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD)
What are the two types of cardiac catheterization?
- Left heart catheterization (LHC)
- Right heart catheterization (RHC)
Fill in the blank: Cardiac catheterization allows for direct measurement of _______ in each cardiac chamber.
pressures
What are the common access sites for left heart catheterization?
- Femoral artery
- Radial artery
- Brachial artery
What is the utility of right heart catheterization?
Evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease
What condition is associated with right atrial and right ventricular collapse during diastole?
Tamponade
True or False: A cardiac CT has a high positive predictive value for coronary artery disease.
False
Cardiac CT has a limited positive predictive value but a high negative predictive value.
What can a myocardial perfusion scintigraphy indicate?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) via differences in tracer uptake
What is a paradoxical thromboembolus?
When a thrombus crosses from the right heart to the left heart via a septal defect
What are the common indications for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)?
- Suspected aortic dissection
- Evaluation of prosthetic valve failure
- Suspected endocarditis
What imaging study is often used for congenital heart disease evaluation?
Echocardiography
What is the main advantage of TEE over TTE?
Higher sensitivity and specificity
What does cardiac catheterization allow for in terms of hemodynamic values?
Direct measurements
What is the significance of a normal echocardiogram in the context of pulmonary embolism?
It cannot exclude the diagnosis of PE.
What is an important consideration before performing a TEE?
Presence of esophageal disease
Fill in the blank: The presence of differences in uptake between rest and exercise indicates _______.
inducible hypoperfusion