International migration and global hubs Flashcards
A global hub is a
and examples
A global hub is a highly globally connected city and are sometimes known as ‘World Cities’
Global hubs can be found in countries at different stages of their development,
What has led to the growth of these global hubs
for example, New York, Mumbai, London, Tokyo, Sao Paulo and Beijing
International migration has led to the growth of these global hubs
Elite international migration description
Migrants are highly skilled and/or socially influential people e.g., Actors, Bankers, Academics and Computer programmers
Wealth comes from their profession or inheritance
Many live as ‘global citizens’ with numerous homes in different countries
elite migrant example
Many affluent Americans and Russian oligarchs live or work in the UK
Low-waged international migration description
Global hubs are very attractive to these migrants
Migrants work in low pay jobs such as in kitchens, on constructions sites or as cleaners (legally and illegally)
jobs no one else wants to do
low waged international migrants example
+How many Indians work in the UAE
London, Los Angeles and Dubai have many immigrants e.g., over 2 million Indians live and work in the UAE
Internal (rural-urban migration) description
Main reason for urban growth in global hubs in developing and emerging economies
However, it doesn’t play a huge role in Europe or North America
Internal (rural-urban migration) example
how many Indians move from rural to urban areas
Around 3 million people are moving from rural areas to urban areas in India per year
What are oligarchs migrants
people who own big business in there own country and who have power and invest in other countries to keep there assets over seas
Benefit of normal migration to host country
Migrants can fill skills shortages
Economic migrants tend to be willing to do labouring work e.g., working on farms
Migrants pay taxes and spend their wages on rent and in shops
Some migrants may start a new business employing others
costs of migration for host country
Social tension is possible if people in the host country believe migration has led to less jobs or housing
Policy changes to address public concerns e.g., to reduce migration
Shortages of school places in some areas as a result of natural increase within youthful migrant communities
benefits of migration form the source country
Migrant remittances contribute to national earnings
Reduced spending on healthcare and housing
Migrants, or their children, may return, bringing new knowledge and skills
Costs of migration for source country
Reduction in the independent, working population that would have contributed to the economy
Reduced economic growth as consumption falls
Increase in the number of dependents – children and elderly
Benefits of elite migrants going for the host country
Economic growth elite migrants normally bring substantial growth and investment to stimulate jobs
innovation and entreprenship
more taxes and demand for services
costs of elite migrants for host country
housing inflation gentrification can price existing residents out
environmental impacts
economic inequality
