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Internal Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

M/C CAUZE OF HEOMOPTYSIS INDIA

A

TB

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2
Q

M/C CAUZE HEMOPTYSIS IN WORLD

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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3
Q

FEV1/FVC RATIO

A

Is the measurements of amount of air you can forcefully exhale from your lungs
ie,,-fev1 or forced expiratory volume in one second— is the volume of breath exhaled with effort
FVC— forced vital capacity —full amount of air that can be exhaled with effort in a complete breath
FEV1/FVC decreases in OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
FEV/FVC increases in RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE

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4
Q

ABPA

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis
Condition charrectrised by exagerrated response of immune system to fungus aspergilus
Most commonly occurs in patients of BROCHIAL ASTHMA ,CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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5
Q

ASPERGILLOMA MOST ASSOCIATED WITH

A

Tuberculosis

Aspergilloma typically occurs in cavities of post primary pulmonary tuberculosis

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6
Q

KARTAGENER SYNDROME

A

Is a genetic ciliary disorder consisting of a triad of
Bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, situs inversus
Basic promblem lies in the defective movement of cilia leading to reccurent chest infection ,ear throat nose symptoms

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7
Q

LANDOLFIS SIGN

A

In severe aortic valve regurgitation ,landalofis sign refers to systolic contraction and diastolic dilation of pupils results from large stroke volume present
Patients pupil dilate and constrict synchronized with his heart beat

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8
Q

MULLERS SIGN

A

Pulsation or bobbing of uvula that occurs during systole

Seen in severe or sudden aortic insufficiency

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9
Q

HILLS SIGN

A

Popliteal systolic preasure exceeding bracheal systolic preasure by 60 mm hg

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10
Q

MOST SEVERE OR SENSITIVE SIGN FOR SEVERE AORTIC REGURGITATION OF ALL PERIPHERAL SIGNS

A

Hills sign

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11
Q

PERIPHERAL SIGNS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION

A 
1)corrigan pulse(water hammer pulse)
De mussete sign
Mullers sign
Quinke sign
Traubes sign
Duroziezes sign
Hills sign
Shelly sign
Rosenbach sign
Beckers  sign
Gerhards sign( aka sailors sign)
Maynes sign
Landolfis sign
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12
Q

CORRIGAN PULSE(water hammer pulse)

A

A rapid and forcefull distensionn of arteriel pulse with quick collapse

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13
Q

DE MUSSETE SIGN

A

Bobbing of head with each heart beat like bird walking

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14
Q

MULLERS SIGN

A

Visible pulsation of uvula

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15
Q

QUINKES SIGN

A

Capillary pulsation seen on compresion of nail bed

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16
Q

TRAUBES SIGN

A

Seen in severe aortic regurgitation

Refers to systolic and diastolic pistol shot heard while auscultating femoral artery

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17
Q

DUROZIEZES SIGN

A

Sign of aortic insufficiency
Consist of audible diastolic murmer which can be heard over femoral artery when it is compresed with bell of sthethescope
Systolic and diastolic murmer heard when pressing femoral artery

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18
Q

HILLS SIGN

A

In HILL SIGN blood preasure is meseured in leg(popleatal artery)
Blood preasure measured in arms(inner bracheal artery)
We will have systolic blood preasure more than bracheal artery in arms

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19
Q

SHELLY SIGN

A

Pulsation of cervix

Seen in severe aortic valve regurgitation

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20
Q

ROSENBACH SIGN

A

In severe aortic valve regurgitation , rosenbach sign is a pulsation of liver during systole caused by high stroke volume

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21
Q

BECKERS SIGN

A

Presence of visible pulsation of retinal arteries

Found in patients of aortic insufficiency or Graves’ disease

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22
Q

GERHARDTS SIGN

A

Also known as sailers sign
In severe aortic valve regurgitation ,gerhardts sign is present when pulsation of spleen are detected in presence of splenomegally

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23
Q

MAYNES SIGN

A

Is a clinical sign that indicates that there is a drop of atleast 15 mm hg in the diastolic blood preasure on raising the arm
Occurs in patients of aortic regurgitation

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24
Q

LANDOLFIS SIGN

A

Pupil dilated and constriction that were synchronized with his heart beat
Seen in severe aortic regurgitation
Results from large stroke volume

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25
TRAUBES SPACE PRODUCE DULL TONE ON PERCUSSION IN
``` Splenomegally Left sided pleural effusion Full stomach Fundus mass Enlarged left lobe of liver Massive pericardial edfusion ```
26
AGATSTON SCORE
Coronary calcium scan X ray test of heart to detect and measure calcium containing plaque in the artery This plaques insude the artery of heart can restrict blood flow to muscle of heart Measuring calcified plaque with heart scan we can identify possible coronary artery disease Done by multislice computed tomography
27
DRUG OF CHOICE FOR ACUTE ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Hydrocortisone Also called adison disease Is a life threatening diseases caused by insufficient levels of cortisol
28
ADRENAL GLAND
The two adrenal gland are located on top of the kidneys They consist of an outer portion called cortex, and inner portion called medulla The cortex produces 3 type of hormones:—all of which are corticosteroids Cortisol Aldosterone DHEA and androgenic steroids Epinephrine and norepinephrine
29
CORTISOL
Cortisol produced by adrenal gland is gloucocorticoid that maintains blood sugar ,suppress the immune response ,and is released as a response to bodys stress Cortisol production regulated by small gland just below the brain called pitutory gland
30
ALDOSTERONE
Hormone produced by adrenal gland It plays an important role in regulation of blood preasure mainly by acting on kidneys and colon to increase amount of salt (sodium) reabsorbed into blood stream and to increase amount of pottasium excreted in urine Aldosterone also causes water to be reabsorbed along with sodium causing increased blood volume thus blood preasure
31
ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
Aldosterone is a part of group of linked hormones such as RENIN,ANGIOTENSIN,ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM Activation of this occurs when there is decreased blood flow to kidneys following loss of blood volume or drop of blood preasure Renin leads to production of angiotensin 2,which in turn stimulates aldosterone release Aldosterone causes increase in salt and water reabsorbtion from the kidneys to blood stream
32
FEATURES OF HYPER AND HYPO ALDOSTERONISM
``` HYPERALDOSTERONISM SYMPTOMS::-high blood preasure Low blood level of pottasium Abnormal increase in blood volume Increased hydrogen ion excretion(alkalosis) Headache HYPOALDOSTERONISM::- Symptoms:—low blood preasure Lethargy Increase in pottasium level in blood ```
33
WATER DEPRIVATION TESTING
Used to defferntiate between diabetes inspidus and paychogenic polydipsia(moothramoyikkal)
34
JOD BASEDOW EFFECT
Iodine supplement to patient with low iodine exposure for long time will show hyperthyroidism
35
DOC FOR HYPER PROLACTINEMIA
CABERGOLINE
36
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
``` Higher level of prolactin in blood Main funtions of prolactin is milk production and development of mammary alveoli Symptoms::—infertility Irregular periods Change in menstural flow Loss of libido Galactorhea Pain in breasts Vaginal drynes Treatment::—- Dopamine agonist such as bromicriptine(parlodel,cycloset) used ```
37
M/C CAUZE OF ANEMIA IN CKD
Epo enzyme defeciency
38
EARLY AND SENSITIVE MARKER FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Microalbuminuria(proteinuria)::- Earliest clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy It occurs when kidney leaks albumin in urine
39
GROSS HEAMTURIA SEEN IN
Iga nephropathy
40
NOVEL MARKERS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY ARE
Kim 1(kidney injury molecule) Ngal(neutrophin gelatinase asociated lipocalin) Cystatin c IL 18
41
TRIAD OF ALPORT SYNDROME
Renal failure Sensirineural hearing loss Lenticonus(
42
ALPORT SYNDROME
Genetic disorder charrectrized by progressive kidney disease and abnormalities of inner ear and eye Mutatuons of genes coL4A3 andCOL4A4
43
PULMONARY RENAL SYNDROME SEEN IN
Good pasteurs syndrome
44
GOOD PASTEURES SYNDROME
Anti glomerular basement membrane disorder Rare autoimmune diseases in which antibodies attack the basement membrane of lungs,kidneys leading to bleeding from lung ,glomerulonephritis,kidney failure Disease occurs when body’s immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against collagen in the lung and kidneys
45
ADPKD type1 is (autosomal dominant on chromosome
16
46
ADPKD TYPE 2 IS
Autosomal recessive on chromosome 4
47
PKD::-POLY CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Disorder that effect kidney and other organs Clusters of fluid filled sacs called cysts develops in the kidney and interfere within theirs ability to filter waste products From blood Growth of cyst causes kidney to become enlarged and can lead to kidney failure
48
COMPLICATIONS OF PKD
``` High blood preasure Pain in the back or sides Hematuria Reccurent uti Kidney stones Heart valve abnormalities High risk of anuerysm(bulging of aorta) ```
49
POLY ARTHRITIS NODOSA A/W
Hep B
50
CRYOGLOBULINEMIA A/W
Hep C | IT is the condition in which blood contain large amounts pathological cold sensitive antibodies called cryoglobulins
51
CLITCHY CRITERIA
Criteria to find out survival of individual with acute liver failure Can be used as a criteria in emergency liver transplantation According to clitchy criteria::-in acute viral hepatitis liver transplantation decided in patient with coma or confusion and FACTOR 5
52
SMOKING A/W DECREASED RISK OF
Developing primary sclerosing cholengitis, and ulcerative colitis
53
SCREENING TEST OF CHOICE FOR WILSON DISEASE
Urinary free copper level
54
DUBIN JHONSON SYNDROME
Disorder that causes isolated increase of conjugated bilrubin in the serum Classically condition causes black liver due to deposition of pigment similarly to melanin Build up bilrubin seen
55
BEST DRUG FOR PRIMARY PULMONARY HTN
Bosentan
56
M/C CAUSE OF PULMONARY THROMBO EMBOLISM
Lower limb dvt
57
THROMBOLYTIC WINDOW PERIOD FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
6hrs-24 hrs
58
ASCENDING TYPE OF SENSORY/MOTOR LOSS OCCURS IN
Extra medullary lesions
59
DESCENDING TYPE OF SENSORY/MOTOR LOSS OCCURS IN
Intra medullary lesions
60
HEMIPARESIS MAINLY CAUSED BY
Weakness or paralysis of one side of body | Is due to middle cerebral artery lesions
61
M/C SITE OF HYPERTENSIVE INTRACRANIAL HEOMHARAGE
Basal ganglia
62
NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES IN ALZHEMEIRS DISEASE
Intracellular
63
ATROPHY OF CAUDATE NUCLEUS SEEN IN
Huntingtons disease
64
DEJA VU STRONGLY A/W
Meisal temporal lobe epilepsy
65
CHARLIE CHAPLIN GAIT SEEN IN
Tibial torsion
66
CAPLAN SYNDROME
Is a combination of reumatoid arthritis,pneumoconiosis that manifest as intrapulmonary nodules It is swelling(inflamation) and scaring of lungs It occurs in people with rheumatoid arthritis who have breathed in dust such as coal or silica
67
FELTYS SYNDROME TRIAD
Rheumatoid arthritis,splenomegally,neutropenia
68
APLA SYNDROME
It is A/W thrombo cytopenia It occurs when your inmune system mistakenly creates antibodies that make your blood more likely to clot ,this can cause dangerous clot in legs kidneys,lungs Can cause miscarriage and still birth
69
WIRE LOOP LESIONS CHARRECTRISTICLY SEEN IN
Class 4 lupus nephritis
70
CARRY COMBS MURMER SEEN IN
Rheumatic fever | Is aShort diastolic murmer caused by active reumatic carditis and mitral valve inflammation
71
AUSTIN FINT MURMER
Severe aortic regurgitation | It is a low pitched rumbling heart murmer which is best heard at cardiac apex
72
FESTINATING GAIT SEEN
Parkinsons disease It is the type of gait exhibited by patients suffering from parkinsons disease It is often described as feeling like being stuck in a place when initiating a step or turning and increse risk of falling Caused by defeciency of dopamine in basal ganglia leading to motor deficits
73
FIRST SENSATION TO LOSS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
Vibration
74
TUMOUR LYSIS SYNDROME INVOLVES
Hyperurecimia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia TUMOUR lysis syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication during treatment of cancer , where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off at the same time leading to releasing their content into bloodstream
75
IST HORMONE TO REPLACE IN SHEEHAN SYNDROME
Cortisol
76
SHEEHAN SYNDROME
Condition that effect women who lose a life threatening anount of blood in childbirths or who have severe low blood preasure during or after childbirth which can deprive oxygen in the body, this lack of oxygen causes damage to pitutory gland
77
SHEEHAN SYNDROME TREATMENT
Treatment is lifelong hormone replacement therappy Corticosteroids::-hydrocortisone,prednisone::for replacing adrenal hormones that are not being produced due to ACTH defeciency LEVOTHYROXINE::-this boosts defecient thyroid hormone level caused by low tsh ESTROGEN::- GROWTH HORMONE::-
78
M/C CAUZE OF CUSHING DISEASE IS
Pitutory adenoma
79
M/C CAUZE OF CONN SYNDROME
Adrenal adenoma
80
PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM OR CONN SYNDROME
``` Excessive aldosterone secondary to adrenal tumour Retain sodium and excrete pottasium Results in alkalosis Hypertension::- universal sign of hyperaldosteronism Inability of kidney to concentrate urine Serum become concentrated Exessive thirst Hypokalemia interferes with insulin secretion Symptoms:: frequent urinating Incresed thirst Head ache Muscle cramps Tingling in fingers Temporary paralysis Heart palpitations ```
81
GRAHM STEEL MURMER SEEN IN
Pulmonary regurgitation
82
CARVALLO SIGN
Occurs when murmer of tricuspid valve regurgitation gets louder with deep inspiration This louder sign distinguish it from mitral valve regurgitation
83
WHY C REACTIVE PROTEIN IS A BETTER PREDICTOR OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Your levels of c reactive protein can be indicator of how at risk you are developing cardiovascular promblems This is because development of atherosclerosis (laying down of cholestrol in blood vessel) is a/w inflammation within blood vessels
84
MARTELS G SIGN
Gouty tophis are masses resulting from soft tissue deposition of urate crystals The erosions of gouty arthritis are outlined with sclerotic margins As the tophus erodes bones ,it produces overhanging c shaped edge of bone charrectrstic of gouty arthritis
85
M/C IMPLICATED AGENT IN REACTIVE ARTHRITIS
Clamydia

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