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Fmge > Internal Medicine > Flashcards

Internal Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

M/C CAUZE OF HEOMOPTYSIS INDIA

A

TB

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2
Q

M/C CAUZE HEMOPTYSIS IN WORLD

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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3
Q

FEV1/FVC RATIO

A

Is the measurements of amount of air you can forcefully exhale from your lungs
ie,,-fev1 or forced expiratory volume in one second— is the volume of breath exhaled with effort
FVC— forced vital capacity —full amount of air that can be exhaled with effort in a complete breath
FEV1/FVC decreases in OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
FEV/FVC increases in RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE

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4
Q

ABPA

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis
Condition charrectrised by exagerrated response of immune system to fungus aspergilus
Most commonly occurs in patients of BROCHIAL ASTHMA ,CYSTIC FIBROSIS

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5
Q

ASPERGILLOMA MOST ASSOCIATED WITH

A

Tuberculosis

Aspergilloma typically occurs in cavities of post primary pulmonary tuberculosis

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6
Q

KARTAGENER SYNDROME

A

Is a genetic ciliary disorder consisting of a triad of
Bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, situs inversus
Basic promblem lies in the defective movement of cilia leading to reccurent chest infection ,ear throat nose symptoms

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7
Q

LANDOLFIS SIGN

A

In severe aortic valve regurgitation ,landalofis sign refers to systolic contraction and diastolic dilation of pupils results from large stroke volume present
Patients pupil dilate and constrict synchronized with his heart beat

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8
Q

MULLERS SIGN

A

Pulsation or bobbing of uvula that occurs during systole

Seen in severe or sudden aortic insufficiency

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9
Q

HILLS SIGN

A

Popliteal systolic preasure exceeding bracheal systolic preasure by 60 mm hg

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10
Q

MOST SEVERE OR SENSITIVE SIGN FOR SEVERE AORTIC REGURGITATION OF ALL PERIPHERAL SIGNS

A

Hills sign

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11
Q

PERIPHERAL SIGNS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION

A 
1)corrigan pulse(water hammer pulse)
De mussete sign
Mullers sign
Quinke sign
Traubes sign
Duroziezes sign
Hills sign
Shelly sign
Rosenbach sign
Beckers  sign
Gerhards sign( aka sailors sign)
Maynes sign
Landolfis sign
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12
Q

CORRIGAN PULSE(water hammer pulse)

A

A rapid and forcefull distensionn of arteriel pulse with quick collapse

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13
Q

DE MUSSETE SIGN

A

Bobbing of head with each heart beat like bird walking

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14
Q

MULLERS SIGN

A

Visible pulsation of uvula

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15
Q

QUINKES SIGN

A

Capillary pulsation seen on compresion of nail bed

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16
Q

TRAUBES SIGN

A

Seen in severe aortic regurgitation

Refers to systolic and diastolic pistol shot heard while auscultating femoral artery

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17
Q

DUROZIEZES SIGN

A

Sign of aortic insufficiency
Consist of audible diastolic murmer which can be heard over femoral artery when it is compresed with bell of sthethescope
Systolic and diastolic murmer heard when pressing femoral artery

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18
Q

HILLS SIGN

A

In HILL SIGN blood preasure is meseured in leg(popleatal artery)
Blood preasure measured in arms(inner bracheal artery)
We will have systolic blood preasure more than bracheal artery in arms

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19
Q

SHELLY SIGN

A

Pulsation of cervix

Seen in severe aortic valve regurgitation

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20
Q

ROSENBACH SIGN

A

In severe aortic valve regurgitation , rosenbach sign is a pulsation of liver during systole caused by high stroke volume

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21
Q

BECKERS SIGN

A

Presence of visible pulsation of retinal arteries

Found in patients of aortic insufficiency or Graves’ disease

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22
Q

GERHARDTS SIGN

A

Also known as sailers sign
In severe aortic valve regurgitation ,gerhardts sign is present when pulsation of spleen are detected in presence of splenomegally

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23
Q

MAYNES SIGN

A

Is a clinical sign that indicates that there is a drop of atleast 15 mm hg in the diastolic blood preasure on raising the arm
Occurs in patients of aortic regurgitation

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24
Q

LANDOLFIS SIGN

A

Pupil dilated and constriction that were synchronized with his heart beat
Seen in severe aortic regurgitation
Results from large stroke volume

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25
Q

TRAUBES SPACE PRODUCE DULL TONE ON PERCUSSION IN

A 
Splenomegally
Left sided pleural effusion
Full stomach
Fundus mass
Enlarged left lobe of liver
Massive pericardial edfusion
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26
Q

AGATSTON SCORE

A

Coronary calcium scan
X ray test of heart to detect and measure calcium containing plaque in the artery
This plaques insude the artery of heart can restrict blood flow to muscle of heart
Measuring calcified plaque with heart scan we can identify possible coronary artery disease
Done by multislice computed tomography

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27
Q

DRUG OF CHOICE FOR ACUTE ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

A

Hydrocortisone
Also called adison disease
Is a life threatening diseases caused by insufficient levels of cortisol

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28
Q

ADRENAL GLAND

A

The two adrenal gland are located on top of the kidneys
They consist of an outer portion called cortex, and inner portion called medulla
The cortex produces 3 type of hormones:—all of which are corticosteroids
Cortisol
Aldosterone
DHEA and androgenic steroids
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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29
Q

CORTISOL

A

Cortisol produced by adrenal gland is gloucocorticoid that maintains blood sugar ,suppress the immune response ,and is released as a response to bodys stress
Cortisol production regulated by small gland just below the brain called pitutory gland

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30
Q

ALDOSTERONE

A

Hormone produced by adrenal gland
It plays an important role in regulation of blood preasure mainly by acting on kidneys and colon to increase amount of salt (sodium) reabsorbed into blood stream and to increase amount of pottasium excreted in urine
Aldosterone also causes water to be reabsorbed along with sodium causing increased blood volume thus blood preasure

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31
Q

ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM

A

Aldosterone is a part of group of linked hormones such as RENIN,ANGIOTENSIN,ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
Activation of this occurs when there is decreased blood flow to kidneys following loss of blood volume or drop of blood preasure
Renin leads to production of angiotensin 2,which in turn stimulates aldosterone release
Aldosterone causes increase in salt and water reabsorbtion from the kidneys to blood stream

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32
Q

FEATURES OF HYPER AND HYPO ALDOSTERONISM

A 
HYPERALDOSTERONISM 
SYMPTOMS::-high blood preasure 
Low blood level of pottasium
Abnormal increase in blood volume
Increased hydrogen ion excretion(alkalosis)
Headache
HYPOALDOSTERONISM::-
Symptoms:—low blood preasure 
Lethargy
Increase in pottasium level in blood
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33
Q

WATER DEPRIVATION TESTING

A

Used to defferntiate between diabetes inspidus and paychogenic polydipsia(moothramoyikkal)

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34
Q

JOD BASEDOW EFFECT

A

Iodine supplement to patient with low iodine exposure for long time will show hyperthyroidism

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35
Q

DOC FOR HYPER PROLACTINEMIA

A

CABERGOLINE

36
Q

HYPERPROLACTINEMIA

A 
Higher level of prolactin in blood
Main funtions of prolactin is milk production and development of mammary alveoli
Symptoms::—infertility 
Irregular periods 
Change in menstural flow
Loss of libido
Galactorhea
Pain in breasts
Vaginal drynes
Treatment::—-
Dopamine agonist such as bromicriptine(parlodel,cycloset) used
37
Q

M/C CAUZE OF ANEMIA IN CKD

A

Epo enzyme defeciency

38
Q

EARLY AND SENSITIVE MARKER FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

A

Microalbuminuria(proteinuria)::-
Earliest clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy
It occurs when kidney leaks albumin in urine

39
Q

GROSS HEAMTURIA SEEN IN

A

Iga nephropathy

40
Q

NOVEL MARKERS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY ARE

A

Kim 1(kidney injury molecule)
Ngal(neutrophin gelatinase asociated lipocalin)
Cystatin c
IL 18

41
Q

TRIAD OF ALPORT SYNDROME

A

Renal failure
Sensirineural hearing loss
Lenticonus(

42
Q

ALPORT SYNDROME

A

Genetic disorder charrectrized by progressive kidney disease and abnormalities of inner ear and eye
Mutatuons of genes coL4A3 andCOL4A4

43
Q

PULMONARY RENAL SYNDROME SEEN IN

A

Good pasteurs syndrome

44
Q

GOOD PASTEURES SYNDROME

A

Anti glomerular basement membrane disorder
Rare autoimmune diseases in which antibodies attack the basement membrane of lungs,kidneys leading to bleeding from lung ,glomerulonephritis,kidney failure
Disease occurs when body’s immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against collagen in the lung and kidneys

45
Q

ADPKD type1 is (autosomal dominant on chromosome

A

16

46
Q

ADPKD TYPE 2 IS

A

Autosomal recessive on chromosome 4

47
Q

PKD::-POLY CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

A

Disorder that effect kidney and other organs
Clusters of fluid filled sacs called cysts develops in the kidney and interfere within theirs ability to filter waste products From blood
Growth of cyst causes kidney to become enlarged and can lead to kidney failure

48
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF PKD

A 
High blood preasure 
Pain in the back or sides
Hematuria
Reccurent uti 
Kidney stones 
Heart valve abnormalities
High risk of anuerysm(bulging of aorta)
49
Q

POLY ARTHRITIS NODOSA A/W

A

Hep B

50
Q

CRYOGLOBULINEMIA A/W

A

Hep C

IT is the condition in which blood contain large amounts pathological cold sensitive antibodies called cryoglobulins

51
Q

CLITCHY CRITERIA

A

Criteria to find out survival of individual with acute liver failure
Can be used as a criteria in emergency liver transplantation
According to clitchy criteria::-in acute viral hepatitis liver transplantation decided in patient with coma or confusion and FACTOR 5

52
Q

SMOKING A/W DECREASED RISK OF

A

Developing primary sclerosing cholengitis, and ulcerative colitis

53
Q

SCREENING TEST OF CHOICE FOR WILSON DISEASE

A

Urinary free copper level

54
Q

DUBIN JHONSON SYNDROME

A

Disorder that causes isolated increase of conjugated bilrubin in the serum
Classically condition causes black liver due to deposition of pigment similarly to melanin
Build up bilrubin seen

55
Q

BEST DRUG FOR PRIMARY PULMONARY HTN

A

Bosentan

56
Q

M/C CAUSE OF PULMONARY THROMBO EMBOLISM

A

Lower limb dvt

57
Q

THROMBOLYTIC WINDOW PERIOD FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A

6hrs-24 hrs

58
Q

ASCENDING TYPE OF SENSORY/MOTOR LOSS OCCURS IN

A

Extra medullary lesions

59
Q

DESCENDING TYPE OF SENSORY/MOTOR LOSS OCCURS IN

A

Intra medullary lesions

60
Q

HEMIPARESIS MAINLY CAUSED BY

A

Weakness or paralysis of one side of body

Is due to middle cerebral artery lesions

61
Q

M/C SITE OF HYPERTENSIVE INTRACRANIAL HEOMHARAGE

A

Basal ganglia

62
Q

NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES IN ALZHEMEIRS DISEASE

A

Intracellular

63
Q

ATROPHY OF CAUDATE NUCLEUS SEEN IN

A

Huntingtons disease

64
Q

DEJA VU STRONGLY A/W

A

Meisal temporal lobe epilepsy

65
Q

CHARLIE CHAPLIN GAIT SEEN IN

A

Tibial torsion

66
Q

CAPLAN SYNDROME

A

Is a combination of reumatoid arthritis,pneumoconiosis that manifest as intrapulmonary nodules
It is swelling(inflamation) and scaring of lungs
It occurs in people with rheumatoid arthritis who have breathed in dust such as coal or silica

67
Q

FELTYS SYNDROME TRIAD

A

Rheumatoid arthritis,splenomegally,neutropenia

68
Q

APLA SYNDROME

A

It is A/W thrombo cytopenia
It occurs when your inmune system mistakenly creates antibodies that make your blood more likely to clot ,this can cause dangerous clot in legs kidneys,lungs
Can cause miscarriage and still birth

69
Q

WIRE LOOP LESIONS CHARRECTRISTICLY SEEN IN

A

Class 4 lupus nephritis

70
Q

CARRY COMBS MURMER SEEN IN

A

Rheumatic fever

Is aShort diastolic murmer caused by active reumatic carditis and mitral valve inflammation

71
Q

AUSTIN FINT MURMER

A

Severe aortic regurgitation

It is a low pitched rumbling heart murmer which is best heard at cardiac apex

72
Q

FESTINATING GAIT SEEN

A

Parkinsons disease
It is the type of gait exhibited by patients suffering from parkinsons disease
It is often described as feeling like being stuck in a place when initiating a step or turning and increse risk of falling
Caused by defeciency of dopamine in basal ganglia leading to motor deficits

73
Q

FIRST SENSATION TO LOSS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS

A

Vibration

74
Q

TUMOUR LYSIS SYNDROME INVOLVES

A

Hyperurecimia
Hyperkalemia
Hypocalcemia
TUMOUR lysis syndrome is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication during treatment of cancer , where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off at the same time leading to releasing their content into bloodstream

75
Q

IST HORMONE TO REPLACE IN SHEEHAN SYNDROME

A

Cortisol

76
Q

SHEEHAN SYNDROME

A

Condition that effect women who lose a life threatening anount of blood in childbirths or who have severe low blood preasure during or after childbirth which can deprive oxygen in the body, this lack of oxygen causes damage to pitutory gland

77
Q

SHEEHAN SYNDROME TREATMENT

A

Treatment is lifelong hormone replacement therappy
Corticosteroids::-hydrocortisone,prednisone::for replacing adrenal hormones that are not being produced due to ACTH defeciency
LEVOTHYROXINE::-this boosts defecient thyroid hormone level caused by low tsh
ESTROGEN::-
GROWTH HORMONE::-

78
Q

M/C CAUZE OF CUSHING DISEASE IS

A

Pitutory adenoma

79
Q

M/C CAUZE OF CONN SYNDROME

A

Adrenal adenoma

80
Q

PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM OR CONN SYNDROME

A 
Excessive aldosterone secondary to adrenal tumour
Retain sodium and excrete pottasium
Results in alkalosis
Hypertension::- universal sign of hyperaldosteronism 
Inability of kidney to concentrate urine
Serum become concentrated
Exessive thirst
Hypokalemia interferes with insulin secretion 
Symptoms:: frequent urinating 
Incresed thirst
Head ache
Muscle cramps
Tingling in fingers
Temporary paralysis
Heart palpitations
81
Q

GRAHM STEEL MURMER SEEN IN

A

Pulmonary regurgitation

82
Q

CARVALLO SIGN

A

Occurs when murmer of tricuspid valve regurgitation gets louder with deep inspiration
This louder sign distinguish it from mitral valve regurgitation

83
Q

WHY C REACTIVE PROTEIN IS A BETTER PREDICTOR OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

A

Your levels of c reactive protein can be indicator of how at risk you are developing cardiovascular promblems
This is because development of atherosclerosis (laying down of cholestrol in blood vessel) is a/w inflammation within blood vessels

84
Q

MARTELS G SIGN

A

Gouty tophis are masses resulting from soft tissue deposition of urate crystals
The erosions of gouty arthritis are outlined with sclerotic margins
As the tophus erodes bones ,it produces overhanging c shaped edge of bone charrectrstic of gouty arthritis

85
Q

M/C IMPLICATED AGENT IN REACTIVE ARTHRITIS

A

Clamydia

Fmge (17 decks)

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