Intergroup relationships

Question 1

Define prejudice

Answer 1

Evaluations of people due to their group membership, usually a negative attitude

Question 2

Define stereotypes

Answer 2

Holding beliefs of the characteristics of people within a certain group

Question 3

Define discrimination

Answer 3

Behaving in a way that is negative towards an outgroup

Question 4

What are the ideas behind the ‘authoritarian personality’?

Answer 4

• Idea that authoritarian parenting leads to inner frustration and displacement of agresion on to outgroups
• This ‘personality’ is then susceptible to propaganda

Question 5

What is the realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 5

Robbers Cave Experiments (Sherif 1961)

Material reations between social groups determine attitudes. Conflict of interests rather than personality traits

Question 6

What is the stereotype content model?

Answer 6

Fiske 2002 - beliefs towards group depends on level of competition/status
High status: (low) warm&competent (high) cold& competent
Low status: (low) warm & incompetent (high) contempt, cold & incompetent

Question 7

What is ambivalent sexism?

Answer 7

Glick & Fiske 1996: sexism in two forms
Hostile - women as a threat
Benevolent - women to be protected/adored by men

Question 8

What is the consequence of benevolent sexism on male behaviour?

Answer 8

Studies show that they’re more forgiving of men who commit domestic violence (Glick 2002)

Question 9

What are the consequences of benevolent sexism on female behaviour?

Answer 9

• Increases deferance to men
• Self esteem based on attractiveness rather than competence
• Undermines performance by increasing intrusive thoughts

Question 10

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 10

Where performance may be undermined by fear of conforming with negative stereotype

Question 11

Where is outgroup favouritism shown?

Answer 11

Usually in groups that are historically discriminated against (Doll studies Clark & Clark 1947)

Question 12

How can explicit favouritism differ from ingroup favouritism?

Answer 12

Explicit: both black and white participants show some degree of ingroup favouritism
Implicit: Only white participants show clear ingroup favouritism

Question 13

What is the system justification theory?

Answer 13

• When unfair social systems are defended by marginalised groups
• Motivation to avoid uncertainty and legitimize status quo
• Relates to ‘just-world’ theory q

Question 14

What are the 3 conditions of collective action?

Answer 14

1. Sense of injustice
2. Efficacy
3. Indentity

Question 15

What is the idea of ‘relative-deprivation’?

Answer 15

Gap between what we have and what we are entitled to is based on comparison
Can be:
1. Individual/egoistic
2. Group/fraternalistic (collective action)

Question 16

What is social identity theory?

Answer 16

Strategies for improving social identity are related to structural/ideological context
Individual mobility: undermines collective action
No cognitive alternatives: social creativity
Cognitive alternatives: collective action

Question 17

What is Allport’s contact hypothesis?

Answer 17

Idea that contact between groups reduces prejudice when conditions are met

Question 18

What are the conditions of Allport’s contact hypothesis?

Answer 18

1. Institutional support (climate of norms)
2. Equal status
3. Cooperation/common goals
4. Acquaintance potential

Question 19

What have meta-analysis shown with regards to the contact hypothesis?

Answer 19

• Strong support, reduces prejudice in 95% of cases
• Strongest effect in affective measures and for majority groups
• Increased empathy and reduced inter-group anxiety

Question 20

What are the two forms of indirect contact?

Answer 20

Extended: Seeing members of your group interact with the outgroup
Imagined: mentally visualise interactions with the outgroup

Question 21

What are the two models for contact reducing inter-group anxiety?

Answer 21

De-categorisation - Seeing others as individuals

Mutual intergroup differentiation model - generalisation of positive attitudes towards gorups

Question 22

What did Pettigrew believe as the most effective method for intergroup contact?

Answer 22

First reduce group salience to avoid anxiety

Second make groups salient increasing generalisation

Question 23

What are the two apporaches to social change?

Answer 23

Prejudice reduction - Improving attitudes towards historically disadvantaged group
Collective attitude - Action by historically disadvantagefd group to change status quo