Intergroup relationships Flashcards
Define prejudice
Evaluations of people due to their group membership, usually a negative attitude
Define stereotypes
Holding beliefs of the characteristics of people within a certain group
Define discrimination
Behaving in a way that is negative towards an outgroup
What are the ideas behind the ‘authoritarian personality’?
- Idea that authoritarian parenting leads to inner frustration and displacement of agresion on to outgroups
- This ‘personality’ is then susceptible to propaganda
What is the realistic group conflict theory?
Robbers Cave Experiments (Sherif 1961)
Material reations between social groups determine attitudes. Conflict of interests rather than personality traits
What is the stereotype content model?
Fiske 2002 - beliefs towards group depends on level of competition/status
High status: (low) warm&competent (high) cold& competent
Low status: (low) warm & incompetent (high) contempt, cold & incompetent
What is ambivalent sexism?
Glick & Fiske 1996: sexism in two forms
Hostile - women as a threat
Benevolent - women to be protected/adored by men
What is the consequence of benevolent sexism on male behaviour?
Studies show that they’re more forgiving of men who commit domestic violence (Glick 2002)
What are the consequences of benevolent sexism on female behaviour?
- Increases deferance to men
- Self esteem based on attractiveness rather than competence
- Undermines performance by increasing intrusive thoughts
What is stereotype threat?
Where performance may be undermined by fear of conforming with negative stereotype
Where is outgroup favouritism shown?
Usually in groups that are historically discriminated against (Doll studies Clark & Clark 1947)
How can explicit favouritism differ from ingroup favouritism?
Explicit: both black and white participants show some degree of ingroup favouritism
Implicit: Only white participants show clear ingroup favouritism
What is the system justification theory?
- When unfair social systems are defended by marginalised groups
- Motivation to avoid uncertainty and legitimize status quo
- Relates to ‘just-world’ theory q
What are the 3 conditions of collective action?
- Sense of injustice
- Efficacy
- Indentity
What is the idea of ‘relative-deprivation’?
Gap between what we have and what we are entitled to is based on comparison
Can be:
1. Individual/egoistic
2. Group/fraternalistic (collective action)
What is social identity theory?
Strategies for improving social identity are related to structural/ideological context
Individual mobility: undermines collective action
No cognitive alternatives: social creativity
Cognitive alternatives: collective action
What is Allport’s contact hypothesis?
Idea that contact between groups reduces prejudice when conditions are met
What are the conditions of Allport’s contact hypothesis?
- Institutional support (climate of norms)
- Equal status
- Cooperation/common goals
- Acquaintance potential
What have meta-analysis shown with regards to the contact hypothesis?
- Strong support, reduces prejudice in 95% of cases
- Strongest effect in affective measures and for majority groups
- Increased empathy and reduced inter-group anxiety
What are the two forms of indirect contact?
Extended: Seeing members of your group interact with the outgroup
Imagined: mentally visualise interactions with the outgroup
What are the two models for contact reducing inter-group anxiety?
De-categorisation - Seeing others as individuals
Mutual intergroup differentiation model - generalisation of positive attitudes towards gorups
What did Pettigrew believe as the most effective method for intergroup contact?
First reduce group salience to avoid anxiety
Second make groups salient increasing generalisation
What are the two apporaches to social change?
Prejudice reduction - Improving attitudes towards historically disadvantaged group
Collective attitude - Action by historically disadvantagefd group to change status quo
