intelligence/ cognition Flashcards
cognition
basically just thinking
cognitive psychology
researches how people think and interactions involving thinking
concepts
categories of information, ideas, etc.
categories used to group different ideas
prototypes
representation of a concept
example: golden retriever is a prototype for the category of dogs
natural concepts
occur naturally through experiences and observation
example: our concept of snow
artificial concepts
defined by a specific set of characteristics
example: mathematical formulas
schema
a cluster of concepts created by assumptions made in perception
role schema
assumes how individuals in certain roles will behave
example: stereotypes
event schema
aka cognitive script
set of routine/ automatic behaviors
example: checking your phone when you get a text
language
a system of written and spoken words and rules to organize them
lexicon
the words in a language
grammar
rules used to organize words and convey meaning
phoneme
basic units of sound (ah, eh)
morphemes
smallest units of language to convey meaning
semantics
meaning and definitions of words
syntax
the way words are organized into sentences
critical period
proficiency at acquiring language is maximal early in life
problem solving strategy
plan of action used to find a solution to a problem
trial and error
keep trying different solutions until the problem is solved
algorithm
a step by step problem solving formula
heuristic
general problem solving framework
working backwards
working from the end result
mental set
you approach a problem with a solution that has worked in the past but isn’t working now
functional fixedness
type of mental set
you cant perceive an object being used for anything other than what it was designed for
anchoring bias
focus on one piece of information when problem solving
conformation bias
search for/ focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs
hindsight bias
leads us to believe the solution was predictable but it wasn’t
representative bias
tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something
availability heuristics
decisions based on example that is readily available to you even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
crystallized intelligence
acquired knowledge, such as knowing facts
fluid intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
knowing how to do things
triarchic theory of intelligence
believes intelligence is in three parts: practical, creative, and analytical
practical intelligence
street smarts and common sense
creative intelligence
imaginative and innovative problem solving
analytical intelligence
academic problem solving and computation
multiple intelligences theory
howard gardener thinks there are 8 intelligences
emotional intelligence
ability to understand your and others emotions
divergent thinking
thinking outside the box
convergent thinking
ability to provide a correct well established answer
iq
intelligence quotient
a score earned on a test that is designed to measure intelligence
representative sample
a subset of of the population that accurately represents the general population
standardization
the manner of administrating and scoring tests is consistent with
standard deviation
describes how data is dispersed in a population
nature perspective
intelligence is inherited from your parents
nurture perspective
intelligence is shaped by a child’s developmental environment
range of reaction
theory that everyone responds to an environment differently because if their genetic makeup
learning disabilities
cognitive disorders that affect particularly language and reading
