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Integumentary System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • skin and its accessory structures
  • provide protection
  • thermoregulation
  • sensory organ, role in immune system
  • site of lipid storage
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2
Q

Skins layers in order (superficial to deep, outer to inner)

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis (papillary dermis, reticular dermis)
  3. hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)
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3
Q

Epidermis

A
  • consists of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
  • 4 or 5 layers (depending on location)
  • no blood vessels, avascular
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4
Q

Order of Epidermis layers (inner to outer, deep to superficial)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. stratum corneum
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5
Q

Thick skin

A
  • contains stratum lucidum layer

- only in palms and soles

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6
Q

Cells of epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • tactile epithelial cells
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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • dominant cell
  • is not in stratum basale layer
  • manufacture, store, and modify keratin (hardness and water resistant features)
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8
Q

Keratin

A
  • intracellular fibrous protein
  • provides hardness and water resistant properties
  • includes hair, nails, and skin
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9
Q

Melocytes

A
  • cells that produce pigment melanin (protect cells from UV)
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10
Q

Melanin

A
  • gives hair and skin color

- protects cells of epidermis from UV radiation damage

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11
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • aka Langerhans cells
  • found in stratum spinosum
  • function as macrophages
  • engulf foreign material, bacteria, and damaged cells in layer
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12
Q

Tactile Epithelial Cells

A
  • aka Merkel cells
  • found in basal cells in stratum basale
  • function like receptors
  • responsible for stimulating sensory nerves (touch)
  • most found on surfaces of hands and feet
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13
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • single layer of cuboidal stem cells
  • give rise to keratinocytes
  • contain tactile cells for touch
  • contain melanocytes for pigment production
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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • lots of layers of keratinocytes
  • thick bundles of intermediate filaments
  • contain dendritic cells
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15
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • 1-5 layers of keratinocytes
  • where process of keratinization begins
  • Proteins and lipids deposited outside make cells touch and water resistant
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16
Q

Keratinization

A
  • cells flatten

- nuclei and organelles disintegrate

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17
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • only found in thick skin

- thin layer of dead keratinocytes

18
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • 20-30 layers of dead keratinized keratinocytes

- layer is shed regularly

19
Q

Dermis

A
  • contains blood, lymph vessels, nerves and other accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)
  • two layers of connective tissue
  • contain collagen and elastin fibers (produced by fibroblasts)
20
Q

Papillary dermis

A
  • loose areolar connective tissue
  • superficial layer of dermis (by stratum basale)
  • contain fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), blood vessels, phagocytes.
  • also contain: lymphatic capillaries, nerve fibers, touch receptors (tactiles corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle)
21
Q

dermal papillae

A
  • when papillary dermis projects into stratum basale

- looks fingerlike

22
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • produce collagen and elastin fibers
23
Q

reticular dermis

A
  • thicker, mesh like
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • very vascularized, rich nerve supply
  • under papillary dermis
  • Contain elastin fibers that provide elasticity
  • contain collagen that provides structure and tensile strength
24
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A
  • below dermis
  • connects skin to muscles and bones
  • well vascularized
  • loose aerolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
  • stores fat
  • provides insulation
  • cushions
25
Q

Hair

A
  • keratinous filament growing out of epidermis

- made of dead, keratinized cells

26
Q

Hair follicle

A
  • where hair penetrates the dermis
27
Q

Hair shaft

A
  • part of hair not anchored to follicle

- mostly exposed at skins surface

28
Q

Hair root

A
  • rest of hair that is anchored in follicle
  • under skin surface
  • ends deep in dermis at hair bulb
  • layer of basal cells (hair matrix)
29
Q

Hair bulb

A
  • surrounds hair papilla
30
Q

hair papilla

A
  • made of connective tissue

- contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from dermis

31
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • protection
  • sensory input
  • thermoregulation
  • communication
32
Q

arrector pili muscle

A
  • type of smooth muscle
  • connects to hair root
  • contracts in response to nerve signals
  • makes hair shaft “stand up” (goosebumps)
  • trap layer of air to insulate
33
Q

Cutaneous Glands

A
  • Sebaceous Gland (oil gland)

- Sudoriferous Gland (sweat gland)

34
Q

Sebaceous gland

A
  • type of oil gland
  • helps lubricate
  • waterproof skin and hair
  • generate and excrete sebum (to lubricate)
  • inactive until puberty
35
Q

sebum

A
  • mixture of lipids and cellular debris
  • fatty acids have antibacterial properties and prevent water loss
  • secretion is stimulated by hormones
36
Q

acne

A
  • occurs in areas that are rich in sebaceous glands
  • face and back
  • overproduction and accumulation of sebum = block hair follicles
  • initally white, when oxidized, turns black
37
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A
  • aka sweat glands
  • exocrine glands
  • produce sweat to cool body
  • two types: merocrine and apocrine
38
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A
  • aka eccrine sweat glands
  • produce hypotonic sweat
  • thermoregulation: maintain homeostasis
  • all over surface, mostly seen on palms, soles, forehead
  • coiled glands deep in dermis
  • releases onto skin surface
39
Q

What is merocrine sweat composed of?

A
  • water
  • salt
  • metabolic waste
  • antimicrobial peptides
40
Q

Apocrine Sweat gland

A
  • associated w/ hair follicles
  • found in armpits and genital regions
  • larger and deeper than eccrine glands
  • duct empties into hair follicle
  • thicker and more smelly (bcos of organic compounds)
41
Q

Aprocrine sweat composed of:

A
  • water
  • salt
  • organic compounds (make sweat thicker and smell)

bio (15 decks)

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