Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • skin and its accessory structures
  • provide protection
  • thermoregulation
  • sensory organ, role in immune system
  • site of lipid storage
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2
Q

Skins layers in order (superficial to deep, outer to inner)

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis (papillary dermis, reticular dermis)
  3. hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)
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3
Q

Epidermis

A
  • consists of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
  • 4 or 5 layers (depending on location)
  • no blood vessels, avascular
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4
Q

Order of Epidermis layers (inner to outer, deep to superficial)

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  5. stratum corneum
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5
Q

Thick skin

A
  • contains stratum lucidum layer

- only in palms and soles

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6
Q

Cells of epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • tactile epithelial cells
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7
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • dominant cell
  • is not in stratum basale layer
  • manufacture, store, and modify keratin (hardness and water resistant features)
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8
Q

Keratin

A
  • intracellular fibrous protein
  • provides hardness and water resistant properties
  • includes hair, nails, and skin
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9
Q

Melocytes

A
  • cells that produce pigment melanin (protect cells from UV)
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10
Q

Melanin

A
  • gives hair and skin color

- protects cells of epidermis from UV radiation damage

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11
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • aka Langerhans cells
  • found in stratum spinosum
  • function as macrophages
  • engulf foreign material, bacteria, and damaged cells in layer
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12
Q

Tactile Epithelial Cells

A
  • aka Merkel cells
  • found in basal cells in stratum basale
  • function like receptors
  • responsible for stimulating sensory nerves (touch)
  • most found on surfaces of hands and feet
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13
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • single layer of cuboidal stem cells
  • give rise to keratinocytes
  • contain tactile cells for touch
  • contain melanocytes for pigment production
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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • lots of layers of keratinocytes
  • thick bundles of intermediate filaments
  • contain dendritic cells
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15
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • 1-5 layers of keratinocytes
  • where process of keratinization begins
  • Proteins and lipids deposited outside make cells touch and water resistant
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16
Q

Keratinization

A
  • cells flatten

- nuclei and organelles disintegrate

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17
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • only found in thick skin

- thin layer of dead keratinocytes

18
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • 20-30 layers of dead keratinized keratinocytes

- layer is shed regularly

19
Q

Dermis

A
  • contains blood, lymph vessels, nerves and other accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)
  • two layers of connective tissue
  • contain collagen and elastin fibers (produced by fibroblasts)
20
Q

Papillary dermis

A
  • loose areolar connective tissue
  • superficial layer of dermis (by stratum basale)
  • contain fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), blood vessels, phagocytes.
  • also contain: lymphatic capillaries, nerve fibers, touch receptors (tactiles corpuscle, Meissner’s corpuscle)
21
Q

dermal papillae

A
  • when papillary dermis projects into stratum basale

- looks fingerlike

22
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • produce collagen and elastin fibers
23
Q

reticular dermis

A
  • thicker, mesh like
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • very vascularized, rich nerve supply
  • under papillary dermis
  • Contain elastin fibers that provide elasticity
  • contain collagen that provides structure and tensile strength
24
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A
  • below dermis
  • connects skin to muscles and bones
  • well vascularized
  • loose aerolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
  • stores fat
  • provides insulation
  • cushions
25
Hair
- keratinous filament growing out of epidermis | - made of dead, keratinized cells
26
Hair follicle
- where hair penetrates the dermis
27
Hair shaft
- part of hair not anchored to follicle | - mostly exposed at skins surface
28
Hair root
- rest of hair that is anchored in follicle - under skin surface - ends deep in dermis at hair bulb - layer of basal cells (hair matrix)
29
Hair bulb
- surrounds hair papilla
30
hair papilla
- made of connective tissue | - contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from dermis
31
Functions of hair
- protection - sensory input - thermoregulation - communication
32
arrector pili muscle
- type of smooth muscle - connects to hair root - contracts in response to nerve signals - makes hair shaft "stand up" (goosebumps) - trap layer of air to insulate
33
Cutaneous Glands
- Sebaceous Gland (oil gland) | - Sudoriferous Gland (sweat gland)
34
Sebaceous gland
- type of oil gland - helps lubricate - waterproof skin and hair - generate and excrete sebum (to lubricate) - inactive until puberty
35
sebum
- mixture of lipids and cellular debris - fatty acids have antibacterial properties and prevent water loss - secretion is stimulated by hormones
36
acne
- occurs in areas that are rich in sebaceous glands - face and back - overproduction and accumulation of sebum = block hair follicles - initally white, when oxidized, turns black
37
Sudoriferous Glands
- aka sweat glands - exocrine glands - produce sweat to cool body - two types: merocrine and apocrine
38
Merocrine sweat glands
- aka eccrine sweat glands - produce hypotonic sweat - thermoregulation: maintain homeostasis - all over surface, mostly seen on palms, soles, forehead - coiled glands deep in dermis - releases onto skin surface
39
What is merocrine sweat composed of?
- water - salt - metabolic waste - antimicrobial peptides
40
Apocrine Sweat gland
- associated w/ hair follicles - found in armpits and genital regions - larger and deeper than eccrine glands - duct empties into hair follicle - thicker and more smelly (bcos of organic compounds)
41
Aprocrine sweat composed of:
- water - salt - organic compounds (make sweat thicker and smell)