Integumentary System Flashcards by Zoe Libby

Two major parts:

Cutaneous: epidermis dermis, subcutaneous

Accessory Stuctures: hair, nails, exocrine glands

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Integumentary system functions:

protection of underlying tissues and organs
excretion of salts, water, and organic waste
maintenance of normal body temp; blood and sweat
nutrient storage: fat
vitamin D3 synthesis: important for calcium metabolism
sensory detection via: pain temp, pressue
production of melanin:UV exposure
immune response to pathogens/cancer

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Epidermis:

Stratified squamous epithelium
avascular
keratinocytes
most abundant epithelial cells
contains keratin

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Types of epidermis:

Thin skin: 4 layers of keratinocytes, covers most of body

thick skin: covers palm, and soles, 5 layers of keratinocytes

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Sublayers of epidermis:

Stratum Basal
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

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Stratum Basal:

only 1 layer of cells
attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
Basal cells (stem) constant mitosis
Melanocytes: contain melanin
Merkel cells: sensitive to touch
forms epidermal ridge: more surface area

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Stratum Spinosum

Spiny layer
8-10 cells bound together by desmosomes
undergo keratinization: make waterproof
contains langerhans cells: immune response

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Stratum Granulosum:

grainy layer
stopped dividing
makes large amounts of keratin
cell dehydration
creates tightly interlocked layer of keratin

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Keratin:

tough fibrous protein that eventually kills the cell

makes up hair and nails

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Stratum Lucidum:

Clear layer
only in thick skin
flattened layer where cells are tightly packed
in areas exposed to constant pressure

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Stratum Corneum:

Exposed surface
Contains 15-30 layers of keratinized dead cells
takes 7-10 days to move from Basal to Corneum
Not conductive of growth of microorganisms
water resistant

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Insensible perspiration:

water diffuses across stratum corneum and evaporates
loses about 500ml per day
increases if damage to corneum

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Sensible perspiration:

water excreted by sweat

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Epidermal Growth Factor:

powerful peptide growth factor
produced by salivary glands and duodenum
used in labs to grow skin

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Functions EGF

promotes division of basal cells
Accelerates keratin production
Stimulates epidermal repair
Stimulates glandular secretion

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Dermis:

Anchors epidermal accessory structures

Papillary layer and Reticular Layer

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Papillary Layer:

Consists of areolar tissue
Contains capillaries, lymphatics, sensory nerves
Has dermal papillae between epidermal ridges

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Reticular Layer:

Consists of dense irregular CT

Contains network of collagen and elastic fibers to resist rension

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Tension Lines:

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis are arranged in parallel bundles
resist force in a specific direction
important patterns for surgery

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Dermal Circulation:

Arteries bring oxygen

Veins take away CO2

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Dermal Innervation:

Nerve fibers: control blood flow,adjust gland secretions, monitor sensory receptors
Sensory receptors: light touch- tactile corpuscles in dermal papillae, deep pressure- lamellar copuscles in reticular layer

Hypodermis:

Bellow integumentary system
stabilizes the skin
elastic areolar and adipose tissue
connected to reticular layer by connective tissue
few capillaries
site of subcutaneous injections
deposits of subcutaneous fat

Skin Color:

Melanin and Carotene

Melanin:

Yellow-brown, black-brown
produced by melanocytes in stratum basal
stored in intercellular vesicles
melanin protects skin from sun damage

Carotene:

orange-yellow accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissue orange vegetables converted to vitamin A

Capillaries and skin color:

Oxygenated RBC: skin reddens when blood vessels dilate | Cyanosis: bluish tint; reduction in blood flow

Addison's Disease:

skin darkening

Vitiligo:

loss of color/melanocytes

Jaundice:

buildup of bile | yellow skin

Vitamin D3 and UV:

Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol (D3) in UV radiation | Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into calcitrol ro aid in absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Hair Function

Covers almost all of body protect and insulate guard opening from particles and insects sensory receptors

Hair:

originates from hair follicle root and shaft root base (hair papilla) surrounded by hair bulb and plexus anchors hair to skin hair papilla is vascular supply arrector pili: muscle attached to hair for goose bumps

Hair follicle structure:

Extends deep into dermis produce nonliving hair wrapped in dense connective tissue sheath base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus) Layers: internal/external root sheath

Hair structure:

Medulla: central core Cortex: intermediate layer Cuticle: dead outer layer stiff from keratin

Hair types:

Vellus hair: soft fine hair | Terminal: Heavy pigmented on head, eyebrows, eyelashes and other spots after puberty

Hair color:

produced by melanocytes | determined by genes

Types of glands:

Sebaceous Sudoriferous Mammary Ceruminous

Sebaceous glands:

Holocrine glands: simple branched alveolar discharge sebum into hair follicles inhibits growth of bacteria

Sebum:

Lipid rich and contain proteins | antibacterial agents

Sebaceous Follicles

Discharge onto epidermal surface not associated with hair

Sudoriferous gland Apocrine:

Apocrine sweat glands produced odorous viscous secretion that empties into hair follicles axillary and genital regions

Sudoriferous gland merocrine:

Merocrine sweat gland: widely distributed sensible perspiration cooling the surface of the skin

Mammary glands

secrete milk

Ceruminous gland:

in ear produced cerumen

Nails:

Nail body covers the nail bed production occurs at nail root: keratinized cells from corum and lucidum visible nail from underpart-cuticle near the root blood vessels are obscured-lunula

Repair Integumentary phases:

inflammation Migration Proliferation Scarring

Inflammation Phase:

Bleeding, swelling, and pain | Mast cells trigger inflammation response

Migration Phase:

Scab forms Basal cells migrate around the wound Macrophages clean the area Clotting isolates the region

Proliferation Phase:

Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in producin granulation tissue clot dissolves

Scarring Phase:

Number of capillaries declines | noncellular scar tissue is produced; keloid