Chemical Level

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

The important energy source for the metabolism

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 2

Disaccharide

Answer 2

Two simple sugars formed by the dehydration synthesis

Sucrose, maltose

Question 3

Polysaccharide

Answer 3

Many monosaccharides forced by dehydration synthesis

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Question 4

Lipids

Answer 4

Hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

• main structural component of biological membranes
• energy storage
• important signaling molecules (hormones)
• insulation and protection to organs

Question 5

Peptide bond

Answer 5

Dehydration synthesis between an amino acid and a carboxyl group

Question 6

Primary structure

Answer 6

The sequence of amino acids along a peptide

Question 7

Secondary structure

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats

Question 8

Solution

Answer 8

Uniform mixture of two or more substances

Question 9

Solvent

Answer 9

Liquids in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are distributed

Question 10

RNA and types of RNA

Answer 10

Controls steps in protein synthesis
Single strand
Uracil-thymine

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

Question 11

Nucleotides

Answer 11

Sugar (dna or rna)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bass

Question 12

High energy compound

Answer 12

Store energy in high energy bonds
ATP ➡️ ADP + P1 + energy
Process of phosphorylation

Question 13

Protein components

Answer 13

20 different amino acids

Amino acid: amino group, carboxyl group, and a radical group

Question 14

Synthesis

Answer 14

Assemble smaller molecules into larger molecules. Anabolism

A + B —> AB

Question 15

Suspension

Answer 15

A solution contains a large particle that will settle out of the solution due to the force of gravity

Question 16

Electrolytes

Answer 16

Inorganic ions which conduct electricity in a solution

Question 17

Salt

Answer 17

An electrolyte

Solutes that dissociate into cations and anions

Question 18

4 major classes of Organic Molecules

Answer 18

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

Question 19

Types of lipids

Answer 19

Fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Glycerine
Steroids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids

Question 20

Proteins

Answer 20

Shape determines function
•support
•metabolic regulation
•coordination and control
•defense
•movement
•transport
•buffering

Question 21

Phospholipids and Glycoplipids

Answer 21

Diglyceride attaches to either a sugar or a phosphate group

Components of plasma membrane.

Question 22

Steroids and types of steroids

Answer 22

4 rings of carbon and hydrogen

• cholesterol: component of plasma membrane
• estrogen/testosterone: sex hormones
• corticalsteriod/calciferol: metabolic regulation
• bile salts: derived from salts, digestion and absorb dietary fats

Question 23

Colloid solution

Answer 23

A solution contains large organic molecules

Question 24

Dissociation

Answer 24

Splitting of a compound into a smaller molecules in water

Question 25

DNA

Answer 25

* determines inherited characteristics * directs protein synthesis * controls enzyme production * controls metabolism Double stand twisting helix through hydrogen bonds Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine

Question 26

Nucleic acids

Answer 26

Found in the nucleus which store and process information at the molecular level

Question 27

Triglycerides

Answer 27

3 fatty acid tails •energy source •insulation •protection

Question 28

Glycerides

Answer 28

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 29

Eicosanoids and types

Answer 29

Produced from the fatty acid Arachidonic acid •Prostaglandins: intercellular signal function; hormones •leukotrienes: active in immune system

Question 30

Fatty acids

Answer 30

Large chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end

Question 31

Ionization

Answer 31

Dissociation into ions

Question 32

Glycoproteins

Answer 32

Large protein + small carbohydrate Enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production

Question 33

Proteoglycans

Answer 33

Large carbohydrate + small protein | Promotes viscosity

Question 34

Unsaturated fats

Answer 34

Not as many Hydrogen ions as saturated | Double covalent bonds

Question 35

Metabolites

Answer 35

Molecules made or broken down in the body

Question 36

Nutrients

Answer 36

Essential molecules obtained from food

Question 37

Solubility

Answer 37

Molecules that dissolve in water

Question 38

Solutes

Answer 38

The dissolved substance

Question 39

High heat capacity

Answer 39

Waters ability to absorb and maintain heat

Question 40

Hydrophilic

Answer 40

Compounds that readily interact with water

Question 41

Hydrophobic

Answer 41

Compounds that do not interact with water

Question 42

pH

Answer 42

Measure of concentration of Hydrogen ions

Question 43

Buffers

Answer 43

Regulate pH

Question 44

Monosaccharide

Answer 44

Simple sugar | Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 45

Saturated fats

Answer 45

Saturated with Hydrogen ions

Question 46

Polypeptides

Answer 46

Linear sequence of amino acids

Question 47

Quarternary structure

Answer 47

Final protein shape | Several tertiary structures together

Question 48

Tertiary structure

Answer 48

Secondary structure folds into a unique shape

Question 49

Catabolism

Answer 49

Cells give off energy

Question 50

Decomposition

Answer 50

Breakdown of molecules into smaller fragments

Question 51

Exchange reaction

Answer 51

Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

Question 52

Reversible reaction

Answer 52

All reactions are reversible

Question 53

Denature

Answer 53

When a protein loses its shape therefore function

Question 54

4 main elements in the human body

Answer 54

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Question 55

Metabolism

Answer 55

The sum of all reactants | Provided for the capture, storage, and release of energy

Question 56

Acids

Answer 56

Presences of H-

Question 57

Bases

Answer 57

Presence of OH-