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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Chemical Level > Flashcards

Chemical Level Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

The important energy source for the metabolism

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two simple sugars formed by the dehydration synthesis

Sucrose, maltose

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3
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many monosaccharides forced by dehydration synthesis

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose

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4
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

  • main structural component of biological membranes
  • energy storage
  • important signaling molecules (hormones)
  • insulation and protection to organs
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5
Q

Peptide bond

A

Dehydration synthesis between an amino acid and a carboxyl group

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6
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids along a peptide

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7
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats

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8
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture of two or more substances

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9
Q

Solvent

A

Liquids in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are distributed

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10
Q

RNA and types of RNA

A

Controls steps in protein synthesis
Single strand
Uracil-thymine

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

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11
Q

Nucleotides

A

Sugar (dna or rna)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bass

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12
Q

High energy compound

A

Store energy in high energy bonds
ATP ➡️ ADP + P1 + energy
Process of phosphorylation

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13
Q

Protein components

A

20 different amino acids

Amino acid: amino group, carboxyl group, and a radical group

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14
Q

Synthesis

A

Assemble smaller molecules into larger molecules. Anabolism

A + B —> AB

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15
Q

Suspension

A

A solution contains a large particle that will settle out of the solution due to the force of gravity

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16
Q

Electrolytes

A

Inorganic ions which conduct electricity in a solution

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17
Q

Salt

A

An electrolyte

Solutes that dissociate into cations and anions

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18
Q

4 major classes of Organic Molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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19
Q

Types of lipids

A 
Fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Glycerine
Steroids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
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20
Q

Proteins

A 
Shape determines function
•support
•metabolic regulation
•coordination and control
•defense
•movement
•transport
•buffering
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21
Q

Phospholipids and Glycoplipids

A

Diglyceride attaches to either a sugar or a phosphate group

Components of plasma membrane.

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22
Q

Steroids and types of steroids

A

4 rings of carbon and hydrogen

  • cholesterol: component of plasma membrane
  • estrogen/testosterone: sex hormones
  • corticalsteriod/calciferol: metabolic regulation
  • bile salts: derived from salts, digestion and absorb dietary fats
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23
Q

Colloid solution

A

A solution contains large organic molecules

24
Q

Dissociation

A

Splitting of a compound into a smaller molecules in water

25
Q

DNA

A
  • determines inherited characteristics
  • directs protein synthesis
  • controls enzyme production
  • controls metabolism

Double stand twisting helix through hydrogen bonds
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

26
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Found in the nucleus which store and process information at the molecular level

27
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 fatty acid tails
•energy source
•insulation
•protection

28
Q

Glycerides

A

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

29
Q

Eicosanoids and types

A

Produced from the fatty acid Arachidonic acid
•Prostaglandins: intercellular signal function; hormones
•leukotrienes: active in immune system

30
Q

Fatty acids

A

Large chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end

31
Q

Ionization

A

Dissociation into ions

32
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Large protein + small carbohydrate

Enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and mucus production

33
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Large carbohydrate + small protein

Promotes viscosity

34
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Not as many Hydrogen ions as saturated

Double covalent bonds

35
Q

Metabolites

A

Molecules made or broken down in the body

36
Q

Nutrients

A

Essential molecules obtained from food

37
Q

Solubility

A

Molecules that dissolve in water

38
Q

Solutes

A

The dissolved substance

39
Q

High heat capacity

A

Waters ability to absorb and maintain heat

40
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Compounds that readily interact with water

41
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Compounds that do not interact with water

42
Q

pH

A

Measure of concentration of Hydrogen ions

43
Q

Buffers

A

Regulate pH

44
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

45
Q

Saturated fats

A

Saturated with Hydrogen ions

46
Q

Polypeptides

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

47
Q

Quarternary structure

A

Final protein shape

Several tertiary structures together

48
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Secondary structure folds into a unique shape

49
Q

Catabolism

A

Cells give off energy

50
Q

Decomposition

A

Breakdown of molecules into smaller fragments

51
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

52
Q

Reversible reaction

A

All reactions are reversible

53
Q

Denature

A

When a protein loses its shape therefore function

54
Q

4 main elements in the human body

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

55
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all reactants

Provided for the capture, storage, and release of energy

56
Q

Acids

A

Presences of H-

57
Q

Bases

A

Presence of OH-

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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