Integumentary System

Question 1

What tissues make up the skin?

Answer 1

Epithelial and connective

Question 2

What makes up the integumentary system?

Answer 2

Skin, hair, nails and glands

Question 3

What are the 2 distinct layers of the skin?

Answer 3

The epidemis (the most superficial) and the dermis (a thicker layer of connective tissue).

Question 4

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 4

There are 5:

1. Protection: A physical barrier against pathogens, physical trauma and UV radiation.
2. Sensory detection: Nerve receptors are in the skin that are receptive to heat, pain and touch.
3. Help regulate body temperature through water evaporation (sweating) and increasing/decreasing blood flow to the skin.
4. Vitamin D production occurs in the skin.
5. Excretion: Sweat helps to excrete salt & small amounts of waste.
6. Nutrient storage

Question 5

What is the epidermis made of?

Answer 5

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue that is waterproof and protective. It is avascular.

Question 6

What replaces the cytoplasm in old skin cells?

Answer 6

A tough protein called keratin.

Question 7

What are the specialized cells found in the epidermis?

Answer 7

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells and merkel cells.

Question 8

What protein hardens and waterproofs the skin?

Answer 8

Keratinocytes

Question 9

What cells produce a pigment that protects cells from ultraviolet radiation?

Answer 9

Melanocytes

Question 10

Which are the phagocytic cells that help white blood cells?

Answer 10

Langerhans cells

Question 11

What cells help with sensory reception?

Answer 11

Merkel cells

Question 12

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Answer 12

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum (basal lamina).

Question 13

What is the layer that is only found in the palms and soles of the feet?

Answer 13

Stratum lucidum

Question 14

What is the top layer of the epidermis? What is it made of?

Answer 14

The stratum corneum is made of dead, flat skin cells completely filled with keratin. The top layer of cells in the stratum corneum is constnatly being lost through normal everyday activities.

Question 15

What cells are found only in thick skin? What is it made of?

Answer 15

Stratum lucidum

Question 16

What does sunlight do in the skin?

Answer 16

Sunlight helps convert cholesterol to Vitamin D.

Question 17

What is the only skin that is avascular?

Answer 17

Epidermis – stratified squamous epithelium

Question 18

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 18

1. Protects underlying tissues and organs
2. Excretes salt, water, and organic wastes (glands)
3. Maintains body temperature
4. Synthesizes Vitamin D
5. Stores lipids
6. Detects touch, pressure, pain and temperature

Question 19

What are the 3 components of the integumentary system?

Answer 19

Epidermis (top layer)
Dermis (middle layer with papillary layer and reticular layer)
Hypodermis – inner layer or subcutaneous

Question 20

What is the largest system of the body?

Answer 20

The integumentary system

Question 21

What percentage of body weight is the integumentary system?

Answer 21

16%, and BSA (Body Surface Area) is 1.5 to 2 m2 (meters squared) in area

Question 22

Drugs that are lipophyllic might be injected with what kind of needle?

Answer 22

hypodermic needle, at a 45 degree angle

Question 23

What diffuses from capillaries in the dermis?

Answer 23

Nutrients and oxygen (O2)

Question 24

What are the 5 strata of keratinocyes in thick skin?

Answer 24

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum (basal lamina).

Question 25

Where are fingerprints formed?

Answer 25

Strutum germinativum

Question 26

Where are langerhans cells located?

Answer 26

Stratum spinosa

Question 27

What do langerhans cells do?

Answer 27

They are phagocytize cells that help the immune system. They are dendritic cells.

Question 28

What is the only strata found in the thick layer of skin?

Answer 28

Stratum lucidum

Question 29

What strata is replaced every 2 weeks?

Answer 29

Stratum corneum

Question 30

Where is stratum spinosa located?

Answer 30

Between stratum granulosum (above) & stratum germinativum (below)

Question 31

Explain stratum granulosum

Answer 31

The "grainy layer" where cells stop dividing and start producing keratin (tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair &nails) and keratohyalin

Question 32

What is stratum lucidum

Answer 32

The. Lear layer that is only found in thi k skin. It covers the stratum granulosum

Question 33

What is stratum corneum?

Answer 33

The horny layer. The exposed surface of skin, 15-30 layers of keratinization cells that are water-resistant. They shed and are replaced every 2 weeks.

Question 34

What is found in the germinativum strata?

Answer 34

Merkel cells (which respond to touch and trigger the nervous system) and melanocytes (pigment-producing cells)

Question 35

What factors influence skin color?

Answer 35

Melanocytes production (not the # of melanocytes), carotene and blood circulation (red blood cells)

Question 36

What is keratinization?

Answer 36

The formation of a layer of dead protective cells filled w keratin. It occurs on all skin surfaces except the eyes. It's the skin life cycle. It takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum

Question 37

What are the 2 kinds of perspiration?

Answer 37

Insensible (intertidal fluid lost by evaporation they the stratum corneum) and sensible (water secreted by the sweat glands)

Question 38

How can dehydration occur?

Answer 38

1. From damage to the stratum corneum (burns & blisters) | 2. From immersion in a hypertonic solution (I.e., sea water [osmosis])

Question 39

How can hydration occur?

Answer 39

From immersion in a hypotonic solution (freshwater [osmosis]). It causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident on the palms and soles

Question 40

What can be converted to vitamin A?

Answer 40

Carotene

Question 41

What do melanocytes do?

Answer 41

Produce melanin, which protects against sun damage. UV radiation causes DNA mutations & burns that lead to cancer & wrinkles.

Question 42

How does melanin affect skin color?

Answer 42

By the amount of melanin produced, not the number of melanocytes

Question 43

What is cyanosis?

Answer 43

Bluish skin tint caused by lack of oxygen or red blood cells

Question 44

Name 3 illnesses that cause a change in skin color

Answer 44

Jaundice - A buildup of bile in the liver. Turns you yellow. Addisons's disease: a disease of the pituitary gland that causes skin darkening Vitiligo: loss of melanocytes that causes skin to lose color (Michael Jackson disease?)

Question 45

What is another name for Vitamin D? What produces it?

Answer 45

Vit D = cholecalciferol, produced by epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation

Question 46

What do the liver & kidneys convert Vit D into?

Answer 46

Calciferol, which aids in the absorption of calcium and Phosphorus.

Question 47

Insufficient Vit D causes....

Answer 47

Ricketts

Question 48

What is the dermis made up of?

Answer 48

Papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 49

Where is the dermis located?

Answer 49

Between the epidermis & the subcutaneous layer

Question 50

What's the function of the dermis?

Answer 50

It anchors the accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)

Question 51

What is the papillary layer made of?

Answer 51

Areolar tissue, smaller capillaries, lymphatic & sensory neurons

Question 52

What is the reticular layer made of?

Answer 52

Dense irregular connective tissue, larger blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerve fibers. Contains collagen & elastic fibers and connective tissue proper

Question 53

What is dermatitis?

Answer 53

Inflammation of the papillary layer, caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation or chemicals (poison ivy). There's itching and pain.

Question 54

What does the dermis consist of?

Answer 54

Collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

Question 55

What are the signs of skin damage?

Answer 55

Sagging & wrinkles, caused by aging, UV exposure, dehydration, hormonal changes and age.

Question 56

What are the integumentary accessory structures?

Answer 56

Hair, hair follicles, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. All are located in the DERMIS and project through the skin surface.

Question 57

What cell layer in the integumentary system engages in mitosis?

Answer 57

Stratum germinativum

Question 58

What are the 2 kinds of glands?

Answer 58

Sebaceous (oil) and sweat (water)

Question 59

Which kind of gland inhibits bacteria?

Answer 59

Sebaceous glands

Question 60

What are the 2 kinds of sweat glands?

Answer 60

Apocrine (armpits, groin, nipples) and merocrine (eccrine) -- palms and soles

Question 61

Which gland is associated with "sensible perspiration"?

Answer 61

Merocrine glands

Question 62

Where are merocrine glands located?

Answer 62

palms and soles of feet but also elsewhere on the body -- widely distributed

Question 63

Where are apocrine glands located?

Answer 63

Armpits, groin, nipples

Question 64

Which glands are responsible for body odor?

Answer 64

Apocrine glands

Question 65

Where are Langerhans cells found?

Answer 65

Stratum spinosum

Question 66

Where are Merkel cells found?

Answer 66

Stratum germinativum

Question 67

What do Langerhans cells do?

Answer 67

Immune response

Question 68

What do merkel cells do?

Answer 68

They're tactile cells; sensitive to touch

Question 69

Explain where each of these cells are: Merkel cells, Langerham cells, melanocytes, keratinycytes

Answer 69

Merkel and melanocytes: germinativum. Langerhan: spinosum. Keratinocytes: corneum (and granulosum)