A&P Test 1 Flashcards
Functions of proteins
repair, build, structural support, hemoglobin, blood clotting,
What are the nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
Denaturation
When protein breaks down its function. Loses shape and function due to heat or pH.
What are the 2 types of cells?
Diploid (somatic) and aploid (sex) cells.
5 factors affecting diffusion
temperature, distance, electricity, molecule size, gradient size
Diffusion
Transport of elements from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
movement of a solvent (as water) through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane
Name the 4 macromolecules
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid
What does iron do in the blood?
Transport oxygen
What does iodine do in the blood?
Necessary for thyroid function
Octet Rule
Atoms want to get 8 electrons in their outermost shell
Inert (noble) gases
Elements that have 8 electrons in their outermost shell. Ne, Kr, Ar, Rd
Ionic bond & example
Elements that give up electrons (NaCl)
Non-polar Covalent Bond & example
Elements that share electrons (CH4/methane)
Polar Covalent Bond & example
Unequal sharing of electrons (H2O)
Hydrogen Bond & example
A weak bond formed only by polar covalent bonded compounds (water is the example)
ATP
chemical energy in cells
Integumentary Organs
Hair, nails, skin, sweat glands
Integumentary Functions
protect from environment, provide sensory info, help regulate body temp
Skeletal Organs
Bones, Cartilages, Associated Ligaments,Bone Marrow
Skeletal Functions
Provide support and protection for tissue, stores calcium, forms blood cells
Muscular Organs
Muscle, tendons
Muscular Functions
Provides movement, generates heat to maintain body temp, protects/supports tissues
Nervous System Organs
Nerves, brain, spinal column, sense organs
Nervous System Functions
Rapid response to stimuli, coordinates activities of other organ systems, interprets sensory info about external conditions
Endocrine System Organs
Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid, gonads (ovaries and testes)
Endocrine System Functions
Provides longer-term changes in activities of other organ systems,adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls structural & functional changes in development
Cardiovascular System Organs
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Cardiovascular System Function
Distributes blood cells, water & dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste material, O2 and CO2. Distributes heat & assists in control of body temp.
Lymphatic System Organs
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils
Lymphatic System Functions
“Soldiers” - fight infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Respiratory System Organs
nasal cavities, sinuses, trachea, larynx, lungs, alveoli, bronchi
Respiratory System Functions
Distribute oxygen to bloodstream, removes CO2 from bloodstream, delivers air to alveoli, produces sounds for communicatioon
Digestive System Organs
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, small & large intestines, pancreas, gallbladder
Digestive System Functions
Process and digest food, absorb & conserve water, stores energy reserves
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder
Urinary System Functions
Eliminate waste products from blood, control water balance, store urine, regular blood ion concentrations and pH
Male Reproductive Organs
Prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, epididymides, seminal vesicles, ductus deferentia
Male Reproductive Functions
Produces male sex cells (sperm), hormones. Sexual intercourse
Female Reproductive Organs
Mammary glands, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, vagina, labia, clitoris
Female Reproductive Functions
Produce female sex cell (oocytes) & hormones, support developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish infant, sexual intercourse.
Which is a non-membranous organelle: cilia, centrioles, lysosomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton
lysosome
Where in the cell is ATP produced?
Mitochondria
What is the fluid within mitochondria called?
Matrix
Where are components of ribosomes formed?
Nucleoli
Where does synthesis of lipids take place in a cell?
Smooth ER
Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of what?
Golgi apparatus
Where is the cell’s DNA located?
Nucleus
Communication between the nucleus and the cytosol occurs through_______
Nuclear pores
If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would not be able to ________
synthesize proteins.
The type of epithelium found where absorption or secretion takes place is
simple cuboidal
Simple cuboidal epithelium can be found
lining the chambers of the thyroid gland, kidney tubules, pancreas, salivary glands
Osseous tissue is better known as _______
bone.
What is the fluid component of connective tissue?
Ground substance
The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissue is called
matrix
The watery ground substance of blood is called
plasma
Denaturation
When a protein breaks down its function and has loss of shape and function due to heat or pH.
What are the bonds between amino acids?
Peptide bonds
The substance dissolved in a solution
Solute
What the solute is dissolved in
Solvent
What is the salinity of blood?
.9%
If you placed blood in a 2% NaCl solution, what would happen? What’s the solution called?
The cell would shrink (crenate). Hypertonic solution.
If you placed blood in a .1% NaCl solution, what would happen? What’s the solution called?
The cell would burst. Hypotonic.
In osmosis, what moves? The solvent or the solute?
Solvent
What are the 3 types of fibers of connective tissue?
collagen, reticular, elastic.
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose
What are 3 amino acids?
Lucine, lycene, tryptophan
Give 2 examples of isotonic solutions
.9% NaCl, 5% glucose (dextrose)
What are the 3 components of DNA?
sugar (deoxyribose), phosphoric acid and base (AT, CG)
What are the 3 components of RNA?
sugar (ribose), phosphoric acid and a base (AU, CG)
Cardiac muscle cells…..
are involuntary, striated, and connected to each other at intercalated discs
Skeletal muscle cells….
are striated and voluntary
Which of the following represents the correct order of structures from the outside in?
cutaneous membrane, superficial fascia, deep fascia, subserous fascia, serous membrane
Which type of cartilage reduces friction between bony surfaces?
Hyaline
Which type of membrane lines the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
serous membrane
Which type of cartilage is best able to resist compression and absorb shock?
fibrous
Cartilage cells, called chondrocytes, are located in spaces called __________.
Lacunae
The extracellular fibers and ground substance constitute the __________ of a connective tissue, which surrounds the cells.
Matrix
Homeostasis is restored in a damaged or infected tissue through the process of __________, which begins immediately after the injury, and regeneration, in which damaged tissues are repaired or replaced.
Inflammation
Where do mucous membranes line cavities?
Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the exterior of the body
What are the 2 striated tissues?
Cardiac and skeletal
The esophagus has what kind of tissue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
The lining the trachea has what kind of tissue?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which epithelial tissue is a single layer of flat cells that function in reducing friction or in absorption or diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary and contains large, multinucleated cells that can be up to 1 foot in length?
Skeletal
