A&P Lab Test1 Flashcards
What are the parts of the skeletal system?
Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments (bone to bone) tendon (bone to muscle)
How is the body divided in terms of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular skeletons
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
What is in the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, rib cage & vertical column
What is in the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of upper & lower limbs, & the girdles (shoulder and pelvic)
What is the function of the bones in the axial skeleton?
Protection, support & carrying other body parts
What is the function of the bones in the appendicular skeleton?
Locomotion & manipulation of the environment
What are the functions of bones?
Support of the body Protection of soft organs Movement due to attached skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation
What are the 2 basic types of bone tissue?
compact & spongy
Describe the differences between compact and spongy bone
Compact bone is homogenous; spongy bone is heterogenous, has small needle-like pieces of bone and has spaces in it
Give an example of a long bone and a short bone
Long bone: humerus (arm) and femur (thigh)
Short bone: carpals of wrist
Give an example of a flat bone and an irregular bone
Flat bone: parietal bone of skull
Irregular bone: vertebrae
What are the 4 basic bone shapes?
Long, short, irregular and flat
Describe long bones
Long bones:
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Describe short bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Describe flat bones
Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Describe irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip
What 6 tissues are bones made of?
Fibrous connective tissue. Cartilage. Vascular tissue. Lymphatic tissue. Adipose tissue. Nervous tissue
What are the 3 types of cells in bones?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
What is the ratio of organic & inorganic material in the bone matrix?
1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic
What are the 2 main salts of inorganic bone matrix?
Calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide. These 2 salts interact to form a compound called hydroxyapatite.
What is ATP?
Chemical energy
What opens the cell gate to let in glucose?
Insulin
What does glucose do in the cell?
Used as a fuel for Cellular respiration
Where is calcium mainly stored in the body?
Bones
Give an example of when bone can lose calcium to the blood
menopause
In additino to bone, calcium is also in the cells. Where in the cells is Ca located?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Define anatomy
Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structure of the body.
Define physiology
Physiology is the study of the function of of how different body parts work.
What is cell physiology?
Study of processes within and between cells
What is special physiology?
Study of specific organs
What is systemic physiology?
Study of organ systems
What is pathological physiology?
Study of the effects of disease
What do tendons connect?
Bone to muscle
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
Cartilage is very soft, glassy _______
bone.
What carries the bone marrow?
Medullary cavity
Give an example of a flat bone
scapula
What is the name of the arm bone?
humerus
What color is the bone marrow when you’re very young?
Red
Wahat color is the bone marrow when you’re older?
yellow
What are the 7 bones of the ankle?
Tarsus
Fibula is parallel and lateral to the _____
tibia
Skeletons are the _______of our bodies
infrastructure
In addition to calcium, what else is stored in the bones?
mineral salts, phosphorus and fats
How do bones enable movement?
They serve as levers.
What are joints supported by?
Ligaments
What are the 3 names of the pelvic bone?
from top down: Ilium, pubic bone, and Ischium
At the end of the spinal vertebrae, the other 2 bones are:
sacrum and coccyx
The “shin bone” is called the ________
tibia
When glucose burns, it produces______
ATP
What are the cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) called?
Lacunae
What are the rings around the central canal (and sites of lacunae) called?
Lamellae
What covers the external surface of the epiphyses?
Articular cartilage
What covers the outside of the diaphysis?
Periosteum
Organs of the urinary system
Kidneys, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder
Organs of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus
