A&P Lab Test2

Question 1

What functions do the paranasal sinuses have?

Answer 1

Amplification of sound

Question 2

What is the source of sinus fluid?

Answer 2

The blood

Question 3

Describe the hyoid bone

Answer 3

The only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the body. It serves as a movable base for the tongue.

Question 4

What is inflammation of the sinus cavities?

Answer 4

Sinusitis

Question 5

What are the bones of the vertibral column?

Answer 5

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar. Also: sacrum (5) and coccyx (4).

Question 6

Where is the vertebral foramen the biggest?

Answer 6

C1 (the Atlas) and C2 (the Axis)

Question 7

How many bones in the bony thorax?

Answer 7

24

Question 8

Name the bones in the bony thorax

Answer 8

True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12). The last 2 (11, 12) are called floating ribs.

Question 9

There are ______ cranial bones and _____ facial bones.

Answer 9

8 cranial, 14 facial

Question 10

Name 3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 10

Sutures, syndesmoses (ankle) and gomphoses (tooth & jaw)

Question 11

Another name for the plane joint is the

Answer 11

ellipsoidal joint (wrist – carpals)

Question 12

What are the functions of joints?

Answer 12

Hold bones together; allow for mobility

Question 13

How are joints classified?

Answer 13

Functionally and structurally

Question 14

What surrounds joints?

Answer 14

Muscle

Question 15

What connects bone to bone

Answer 15

Ligaments

Question 16

What connects muscle to bone?

Answer 16

Tendons

Question 17

What 4 things does muscle contraction require?

Answer 17

Calcium, neural signal, actin & myosin, ATP energy

Question 18

What are the only cells that have myofibrils?

Answer 18

Muscle cells

Question 19

Name 3 differences between a plant and animal cell

Answer 19

Plant cells have a cell wall, a vacule, chloroplasts and nucleus is on the side

Question 20

Where can you find cytoplasmic membranes?

Answer 20

In animal AND plant cells

Question 21

What exports proteins out of the cell?

Answer 21

Golgi apparatus

Question 22

What dissolves waste material in a cell?

Answer 22

Lysosomes

Question 23

What produces hydrogen peroxide (h2O2) in cells and breaks down fatty acids?

Answer 23

Peroxisomes

Question 24

What is responsible for cellular respiration?

Answer 24

Mitochondria

Question 25

What holds the chromosomes?

Answer 25

The nucleus

Question 26

What makes ribosomes?

Answer 26

Nucleoli

Question 27

Where are fixed ribosomes found?

Answer 27

Rough ER

Question 28

What do you call cells that die?

Answer 28

Senescent

Question 29

What separates the 2 daughter nuclei?

Answer 29

Cell plate

Question 30

What are the 5 stages of a cell's life cycle?

Answer 30

G-0, G1, S, G2, M (Mitosis)

Question 31

Explain the 5 stages of a cell's life cycle.

Answer 31

G-0: resting phase (carrying out specialized functions,not preparing to divide) G1: cell growth, duplicating organelles transcribing RNA S: Synthetic: DNA replication. DNA strands unwind, DNA polymeres replicate G2: Growth 2: protein synthesis M: Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Question 32

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

Answer 32

Prophase (1 centromere = 1 chromosome) Metaphase: spindle fibers, DNA material aligns Anaphase: DNA material goes to 2 poles Telophase: cell divides

Question 33

What exports material out of a cell?

Answer 33

Golgi apparatus

Question 34

What dissolves waste, especially toxic material, and has digestive enzymes?

Answer 34

Lysosomes

Question 35

What breaks down fatty acids, produces hydrogen peroxide (h2020 and is super oxide?

Answer 35

Peroxisomes

Question 36

What produces cellular respiration and is the powerhouse of a cell?

Answer 36

Mitochondria

Question 37

What produces ATP?

Answer 37

Mitochondria

Question 38

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 38

Provides a protective barrier for the cell and has selective permeability, so O2 can enter and CO2 can exit.

Question 39

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 39

Protein synthesis

Question 40

What is the smooth ER involved in?

Answer 40

Detoxifying materials in the cell

Question 41

What are cytoskeletal elements?

Answer 41

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

Question 42

Explain cytokinesis

Answer 42

In late anaphase through telophase, the division of cytoplasmic mass continues. A cleavage furrows forms and splits the original cytoplasmic mass into 2 portions. At the end of cell division, 2 daughter cells exist that are smaller than the mother cell but genetically identical.

Question 43

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 43

An active transport mechanism

Question 44

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

Answer 44

It moves 3 Na ions out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell. This requires CONSTANT ATP.

Question 45

What is a transmembrane protein?

Answer 45

A protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane. Many TPs function as gateways or "loading docks" to deny or permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane, to get into the cell, or out of the cell as in the case of waste byproducts.

Question 46

What do sodium-potassium pumps and transmembrane proteins have in common?

Answer 46

They're both carriers

Question 47

What makes ribosomes?

Answer 47

Nucleoli

Question 48

What organelle is mostly involved in mitosis?

Answer 48

Centriole

Question 49

What is regeneration?

Answer 49

Cell replacement

Question 50

What is fibrosis?

Answer 50

Formation of scar tissue

Question 51

What is meiosis?

Answer 51

A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.

Question 52

What does meiosis do?

Answer 52

Create variety in a species, natural selection tends to spread through a population

Question 53

What is any change in genetic material called?

Answer 53

Mutation

Question 54

How does meiosis begin?

Answer 54

Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each chromosome—one from the organism's mother and one from its father.

Question 55

Which process involves identical duplication?

Answer 55

Mitosis

Question 56

What does interphase consist of?

Answer 56

G1, S and G2

Question 57

What kind of cell is involved in meiosis?

Answer 57

Diploid cell

Question 58

What is a chiasma?

Answer 58

In genetics, it's the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis