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A&P1 > A&P Lab Test2 > Flashcards

A&P Lab Test2 Flashcards

1
Q

What functions do the paranasal sinuses have?

A

Amplification of sound

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2
Q

What is the source of sinus fluid?

A

The blood

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3
Q

Describe the hyoid bone

A

The only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the body. It serves as a movable base for the tongue.

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4
Q

What is inflammation of the sinus cavities?

A

Sinusitis

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5
Q

What are the bones of the vertibral column?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar. Also: sacrum (5) and coccyx (4).

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6
Q

Where is the vertebral foramen the biggest?

A

C1 (the Atlas) and C2 (the Axis)

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7
Q

How many bones in the bony thorax?

A

24

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8
Q

Name the bones in the bony thorax

A

True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12). The last 2 (11, 12) are called floating ribs.

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9
Q

There are ______ cranial bones and _____ facial bones.

A

8 cranial, 14 facial

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10
Q

Name 3 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures, syndesmoses (ankle) and gomphoses (tooth & jaw)

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11
Q

Another name for the plane joint is the

A

ellipsoidal joint (wrist – carpals)

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12
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Hold bones together; allow for mobility

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13
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Functionally and structurally

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14
Q

What surrounds joints?

A

Muscle

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15
Q

What connects bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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16
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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17
Q

What 4 things does muscle contraction require?

A

Calcium, neural signal, actin & myosin, ATP energy

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18
Q

What are the only cells that have myofibrils?

A

Muscle cells

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19
Q

Name 3 differences between a plant and animal cell

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, a vacule, chloroplasts and nucleus is on the side

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20
Q

Where can you find cytoplasmic membranes?

A

In animal AND plant cells

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21
Q

What exports proteins out of the cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

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22
Q

What dissolves waste material in a cell?

A

Lysosomes

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23
Q

What produces hydrogen peroxide (h2O2) in cells and breaks down fatty acids?

A

Peroxisomes

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24
Q

What is responsible for cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

What holds the chromosomes?

A

The nucleus

26
Q

What makes ribosomes?

A

Nucleoli

27
Q

Where are fixed ribosomes found?

A

Rough ER

28
Q

What do you call cells that die?

A

Senescent

29
Q

What separates the 2 daughter nuclei?

A

Cell plate

30
Q

What are the 5 stages of a cell’s life cycle?

A

G-0, G1, S, G2, M (Mitosis)

31
Q

Explain the 5 stages of a cell’s life cycle.

A

G-0: resting phase (carrying out specialized functions,not preparing to divide)
G1: cell growth, duplicating organelles transcribing RNA
S: Synthetic: DNA replication. DNA strands unwind, DNA polymeres replicate
G2: Growth 2: protein synthesis
M: Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

32
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase (1 centromere = 1 chromosome)
Metaphase: spindle fibers, DNA material aligns
Anaphase: DNA material goes to 2 poles
Telophase: cell divides

33
Q

What exports material out of a cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

34
Q

What dissolves waste, especially toxic material, and has digestive enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

35
Q

What breaks down fatty acids, produces hydrogen peroxide (h2020 and is super oxide?

A

Peroxisomes

36
Q

What produces cellular respiration and is the powerhouse of a cell?

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

What produces ATP?

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Provides a protective barrier for the cell and has selective permeability, so O2 can enter and CO2 can exit.

39
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Protein synthesis

40
Q

What is the smooth ER involved in?

A

Detoxifying materials in the cell

41
Q

What are cytoskeletal elements?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

42
Q

Explain cytokinesis

A

In late anaphase through telophase, the division of cytoplasmic mass continues. A cleavage furrows forms and splits the original cytoplasmic mass into 2 portions. At the end of cell division, 2 daughter cells exist that are smaller than the mother cell but genetically identical.

43
Q

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A

An active transport mechanism

44
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

It moves 3 Na ions out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell. This requires CONSTANT ATP.

45
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

A protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane. Many TPs function as gateways or “loading docks” to deny or permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane, to get into the cell, or out of the cell as in the case of waste byproducts.

46
Q

What do sodium-potassium pumps and transmembrane proteins have in common?

A

They’re both carriers

47
Q

What makes ribosomes?

A

Nucleoli

48
Q

What organelle is mostly involved in mitosis?

A

Centriole

49
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Cell replacement

50
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Formation of scar tissue

51
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.

52
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

Create variety in a species, natural selection tends to spread through a population

53
Q

What is any change in genetic material called?

A

Mutation

54
Q

How does meiosis begin?

A

Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each chromosome—one from the organism’s mother and one from its father.

55
Q

Which process involves identical duplication?

A

Mitosis

56
Q

What does interphase consist of?

A

G1, S and G2

57
Q

What kind of cell is involved in meiosis?

A

Diploid cell

58
Q

What is a chiasma?

A

In genetics, it’s the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis

A&P1 (9 decks)

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