A&P Lab Test2 Flashcards
What functions do the paranasal sinuses have?
Amplification of sound
What is the source of sinus fluid?
The blood
Describe the hyoid bone
The only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the body. It serves as a movable base for the tongue.
What is inflammation of the sinus cavities?
Sinusitis
What are the bones of the vertibral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar. Also: sacrum (5) and coccyx (4).
Where is the vertebral foramen the biggest?
C1 (the Atlas) and C2 (the Axis)
How many bones in the bony thorax?
24
Name the bones in the bony thorax
True ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-12). The last 2 (11, 12) are called floating ribs.
There are ______ cranial bones and _____ facial bones.
8 cranial, 14 facial
Name 3 types of fibrous joints
Sutures, syndesmoses (ankle) and gomphoses (tooth & jaw)
Another name for the plane joint is the
ellipsoidal joint (wrist – carpals)
What are the functions of joints?
Hold bones together; allow for mobility
How are joints classified?
Functionally and structurally
What surrounds joints?
Muscle
What connects bone to bone
Ligaments
What connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
What 4 things does muscle contraction require?
Calcium, neural signal, actin & myosin, ATP energy
What are the only cells that have myofibrils?
Muscle cells
Name 3 differences between a plant and animal cell
Plant cells have a cell wall, a vacule, chloroplasts and nucleus is on the side
Where can you find cytoplasmic membranes?
In animal AND plant cells
What exports proteins out of the cell?
Golgi apparatus
What dissolves waste material in a cell?
Lysosomes
What produces hydrogen peroxide (h2O2) in cells and breaks down fatty acids?
Peroxisomes
What is responsible for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What holds the chromosomes?
The nucleus
What makes ribosomes?
Nucleoli
Where are fixed ribosomes found?
Rough ER
What do you call cells that die?
Senescent
What separates the 2 daughter nuclei?
Cell plate
What are the 5 stages of a cell’s life cycle?
G-0, G1, S, G2, M (Mitosis)
Explain the 5 stages of a cell’s life cycle.
G-0: resting phase (carrying out specialized functions,not preparing to divide)
G1: cell growth, duplicating organelles transcribing RNA
S: Synthetic: DNA replication. DNA strands unwind, DNA polymeres replicate
G2: Growth 2: protein synthesis
M: Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Prophase (1 centromere = 1 chromosome)
Metaphase: spindle fibers, DNA material aligns
Anaphase: DNA material goes to 2 poles
Telophase: cell divides
What exports material out of a cell?
Golgi apparatus
What dissolves waste, especially toxic material, and has digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
What breaks down fatty acids, produces hydrogen peroxide (h2020 and is super oxide?
Peroxisomes
What produces cellular respiration and is the powerhouse of a cell?
Mitochondria
What produces ATP?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Provides a protective barrier for the cell and has selective permeability, so O2 can enter and CO2 can exit.
What do ribosomes do?
Protein synthesis
What is the smooth ER involved in?
Detoxifying materials in the cell
What are cytoskeletal elements?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
Explain cytokinesis
In late anaphase through telophase, the division of cytoplasmic mass continues. A cleavage furrows forms and splits the original cytoplasmic mass into 2 portions. At the end of cell division, 2 daughter cells exist that are smaller than the mother cell but genetically identical.
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
An active transport mechanism
What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
It moves 3 Na ions out of the cell and 2 K ions into the cell. This requires CONSTANT ATP.
What is a transmembrane protein?
A protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane. Many TPs function as gateways or “loading docks” to deny or permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane, to get into the cell, or out of the cell as in the case of waste byproducts.
What do sodium-potassium pumps and transmembrane proteins have in common?
They’re both carriers
What makes ribosomes?
Nucleoli
What organelle is mostly involved in mitosis?
Centriole
What is regeneration?
Cell replacement
What is fibrosis?
Formation of scar tissue
What is meiosis?
A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.
What does meiosis do?
Create variety in a species, natural selection tends to spread through a population
What is any change in genetic material called?
Mutation
How does meiosis begin?
Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each chromosome—one from the organism’s mother and one from its father.
Which process involves identical duplication?
Mitosis
What does interphase consist of?
G1, S and G2
What kind of cell is involved in meiosis?
Diploid cell
What is a chiasma?
In genetics, it’s the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis
