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A&P1 > A&P1 Test 2 > Flashcards

A&P1 Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What is the only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone?

A

Hyoid bone

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3
Q

What does the hyoid bone do?

A

It serves as a moveable base for the tongue. It’s also the only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the body.

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4
Q

What are the fused bones of the vertebra?

A

The sacrum and coccyx

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5
Q

How many bones do the fused bones of the vertebra have?

A

Sacrum: 5 bones. Coccyx: 4 bones

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6
Q

What are the non-fused bones of the vertebra, and how many bones each are there?

A

The bones are cervical, thoracic and lumbar. The #s are: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar.

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7
Q

What is the vertical foramen?

A

The hole in each of the vertebrae.

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8
Q

Where is the vertical foramen biggest? Why?

A

Vertical foramen is biggest in C1(atlas) & C2 (axis), where the brain stem emerges into the spine.

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9
Q

What are bones in the brain joined by?

A

Sutures

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10
Q

How many sets of bones does the skull have? What are they?

A

2 sets: the cranium bones and the facial bones

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11
Q

What is the bony thorax?

A

The rib cage

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12
Q

How many bones in the bony thorax?

A

24 (12 pairs)

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13
Q

What are the bones in the bony thorax?

A

True ribs (1- 7), false ribs (8 - 12). The last two ribs are called floating ribs

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14
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

The last 2 sets of ribs in the bony thorax (#11, 12). They’re called “false” because they only do not connect to the sternum.

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15
Q

What is another name for floating ribs?

A

False ribs.

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16
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones?

A

Support the body, protect organs, movement (due to attached skeletal muscles), storage of fats and minerals (yellow bone marrow), blood cell formation (red bone marrow)

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17
Q

What is the lamella?

A

Lamella is the matrix of the bone.

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18
Q

What are 2 salts in the inorganic material in bone?

A

Calcium hydroxide and calcium phosphate. They form hydroxyapatite.

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19
Q

What is the organic material of bone matrix made of?

A

Collagen fibers, which provide the bone with resilience and the ability to resist stretching and twisting.

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20
Q

What are 3 parts of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, bony thorax, vertebral column

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21
Q

In the skull, what is the mandible and how is it attached?

A

Mandible = jawbone.Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint.

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22
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull

Give resonance and amplification to voice

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24
Q

How are vertebrae given names?

A

By their location

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25
Q

What are vertebrae separated by?

A

Intervertebral discs

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26
Q

What is the primary function of the bony thorax?

A

Forms a cage to protect major organs

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts of the bony thorax?

A

Ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae

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28
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A

Hold bones together & allow for mobility

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29
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structurally and functionally

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30
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

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31
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A
  • Fibrous joints - generally immovable
  • Cartilaginous joints -Immovable or slightly moveable
  • Synovial joints - freely moveable
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32
Q

Explain fibrous joints.

A

Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.

33
Q

Give an example of a fibrous joint

A

The suture in the parietal bone of the skull; the hyaline (articular cartilage) between the scapula and the humerus

34
Q

What are Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis

A

Bones connected by cartilage

35
Q

What are examples of cartiliginous joints?

A

Intervertebral joints & pubic symphysis

36
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  1. Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity

2. Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

37
Q

What are features of Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses

A 
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint
38
Q

What structures are associated with the synovial joint?

A 
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
39
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints based on shape?

A

Plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball-and-socket joint

40
Q

Provide an example of each of the 6 kinds of synovial joints

A

Plane joint: carpals
Hinge joint: between humerus & ulna
Pivot joint: between ulna & radius
Condyloid joint: between metacarpal & phalanx
Saddle joint: between carpal & metacarpal
Ball & socket joint: head of huemerus & scapula

41
Q

What are inflammatory conditions associated with joints?

A

bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis

42
Q

What is the most widespread crippling disease in the US?

A

Arthritis

43
Q

What is bursitis?

A

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

44
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths

45
Q

What is arthritis?

A

inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

46
Q

Name 3 types of clinical arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis

47
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Most common chronic arthritis

Probably related to normal aging processes

48
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities

49
Q

What happens in osteoarthritis?

A

The cartilage wears away; spurs grow out from the edge of the bone & synovial fluid increases. The joint feels stiff & sore.

50
Q

What happens in gouty arthritis?

A

Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposit of urate crystals from the blood. It can usually be controlled with diet.

51
Q

What is included in the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles. That’s it.

52
Q

What are the 6 functions of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Produce skeletal movement.
  2. Maintain body position
  3. Support soft tissues
  4. Guard openings
  5. Maintain body temperature
  6. Store nutrient reserves
53
Q

What are the 4 skeletal muscle structures?

A
  1. Muscle cells (muscle tissues or fibers)
  2. Connective tissues
  3. Nerves
  4. Blood vessels
54
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue for muscles?

A

Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium

55
Q

What is the epimysium? What does it do?

A

exterior collagen layer
connected to deep fascia
Separates muscle from surrounding tissue

56
Q

What is the perimysium? What does it do?

A

Perimysium surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)

It contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles

57
Q

What is endomysium? What does it do?

A

Endomysium surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
It contains capillaries and nerve fibers
It contains myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage

58
Q

Where do endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together?

A

They come together

  • at ends of muscles
  • to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix, i.e., tendon (bundle) or aponeurosis (sheet)
59
Q

What is the name of the calcium salt in bone?

A

Hydroxyapitate. It is what bone is made of.

60
Q

Give examples of bones that make up the optic cavity

A

Ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic and lacrimal bones

61
Q

Give examples of the bones that make up the nasal cavity

A

Vomer, inferior nasal concha, medial nasal concha

62
Q

Give examples of bones that make up the oral cavity

A

mandible and maxilla

63
Q

What bones are joined by the coronal suture?

A

Frontal and parietal

64
Q

What bones are joined by the lambdoid suture?

A

Parietal and occipital

65
Q

What bones are joined by the squamous suture?

A

Temporal and parietal

66
Q

Ear-related activities are part of which bone?

A

Temporal bone in the skull

67
Q

Where is the xiphoid process attached?

A

The bottom of the sternum

68
Q

What are the 4 types of sinus cavities?

A

Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid

69
Q

The name of the 1st cervical bone is….

A

the atlas

70
Q

The name of the 2nd cervical bone is…

A

the axis

71
Q

What is the name of the cell that makes a muscle?

A

Muscle FIBER

72
Q

What surrounds individual muscle cells (or muscle fibers)?

A

Endomysium

73
Q

What does endomysium surround?

A

Individual muscle cells. It also contains capillaries, nerve fibers and myosatellites (stem cells) that repair damage.

74
Q

What does the perimysium surround?

A

Muscle fiber bundles, which contain blood vessels and nerve supply to fascicles

75
Q

What surrounds muscle fiber bundles?

A

Perimysium

76
Q

What separate muscle from surrounding tissue?

A

Epimysium. It’s th external collagen layer (connected to deep fascia) that separate muscle from surrounding tissue. OR: the outer layer of a bundle of muscle.

77
Q

What is a sheet of connective tissue?

A

Aponeurosis

78
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the muscle?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

79
Q

What is the source of a tendon?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

A&P1 (9 decks)

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