A&P1 Test 2 Flashcards
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
What is the only bone that doesn’t articulate with another bone?
Hyoid bone
What does the hyoid bone do?
It serves as a moveable base for the tongue. It’s also the only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the body.
What are the fused bones of the vertebra?
The sacrum and coccyx
How many bones do the fused bones of the vertebra have?
Sacrum: 5 bones. Coccyx: 4 bones
What are the non-fused bones of the vertebra, and how many bones each are there?
The bones are cervical, thoracic and lumbar. The #s are: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar.
What is the vertical foramen?
The hole in each of the vertebrae.
Where is the vertical foramen biggest? Why?
Vertical foramen is biggest in C1(atlas) & C2 (axis), where the brain stem emerges into the spine.
What are bones in the brain joined by?
Sutures
How many sets of bones does the skull have? What are they?
2 sets: the cranium bones and the facial bones
What is the bony thorax?
The rib cage
How many bones in the bony thorax?
24 (12 pairs)
What are the bones in the bony thorax?
True ribs (1- 7), false ribs (8 - 12). The last two ribs are called floating ribs
What are floating ribs?
The last 2 sets of ribs in the bony thorax (#11, 12). They’re called “false” because they only do not connect to the sternum.
What is another name for floating ribs?
False ribs.
What are the 5 functions of bones?
Support the body, protect organs, movement (due to attached skeletal muscles), storage of fats and minerals (yellow bone marrow), blood cell formation (red bone marrow)
What is the lamella?
Lamella is the matrix of the bone.
What are 2 salts in the inorganic material in bone?
Calcium hydroxide and calcium phosphate. They form hydroxyapatite.
What is the organic material of bone matrix made of?
Collagen fibers, which provide the bone with resilience and the ability to resist stretching and twisting.
What are 3 parts of the axial skeleton?
Skull, bony thorax, vertebral column
In the skull, what is the mandible and how is it attached?
Mandible = jawbone.Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint.
What are paranasal sinuses?
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
How are vertebrae given names?
By their location
What are vertebrae separated by?
Intervertebral discs
What is the primary function of the bony thorax?
Forms a cage to protect major organs
What are the 3 parts of the bony thorax?
Ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae
What are the functions of joints?
Hold bones together & allow for mobility
How are joints classified?
Structurally and functionally
What are the functional classifications of joints?
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
What are the structural classifications of joints?
- Fibrous joints - generally immovable
- Cartilaginous joints -Immovable or slightly moveable
- Synovial joints - freely moveable
Explain fibrous joints.
Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Give an example of a fibrous joint
The suture in the parietal bone of the skull; the hyaline (articular cartilage) between the scapula and the humerus
What are Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis
Bones connected by cartilage
What are examples of cartiliginous joints?
Intervertebral joints & pubic symphysis
What are synovial joints?
- Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
2. Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
What are features of Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint
What structures are associated with the synovial joint?
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs Lined with synovial membranes Filled with synovial fluid Not actually part of the joint • Tendon sheath Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
What are the 6 types of synovial joints based on shape?
Plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball-and-socket joint
Provide an example of each of the 6 kinds of synovial joints
Plane joint: carpals
Hinge joint: between humerus & ulna
Pivot joint: between ulna & radius
Condyloid joint: between metacarpal & phalanx
Saddle joint: between carpal & metacarpal
Ball & socket joint: head of huemerus & scapula
What are inflammatory conditions associated with joints?
bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis
What is the most widespread crippling disease in the US?
Arthritis
What is bursitis?
inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
What is tendonitis?
inflammation of tendon sheaths
What is arthritis?
inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Name 3 types of clinical arthritis
Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis
What is osteoarthritis?
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
What happens in osteoarthritis?
The cartilage wears away; spurs grow out from the edge of the bone & synovial fluid increases. The joint feels stiff & sore.
What happens in gouty arthritis?
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposit of urate crystals from the blood. It can usually be controlled with diet.
What is included in the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles. That’s it.
What are the 6 functions of skeletal muscles?
- Produce skeletal movement.
- Maintain body position
- Support soft tissues
- Guard openings
- Maintain body temperature
- Store nutrient reserves
What are the 4 skeletal muscle structures?
- Muscle cells (muscle tissues or fibers)
- Connective tissues
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
What are the 3 layers of connective tissue for muscles?
Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium
What is the epimysium? What does it do?
exterior collagen layer
connected to deep fascia
Separates muscle from surrounding tissue
What is the perimysium? What does it do?
Perimysium surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
It contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles
What is endomysium? What does it do?
Endomysium surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
It contains capillaries and nerve fibers
It contains myosatellite cells (stem cells) that repair damage
Where do endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together?
They come together
- at ends of muscles
- to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix, i.e., tendon (bundle) or aponeurosis (sheet)
What is the name of the calcium salt in bone?
Hydroxyapitate. It is what bone is made of.
Give examples of bones that make up the optic cavity
Ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic and lacrimal bones
Give examples of the bones that make up the nasal cavity
Vomer, inferior nasal concha, medial nasal concha
Give examples of bones that make up the oral cavity
mandible and maxilla
What bones are joined by the coronal suture?
Frontal and parietal
What bones are joined by the lambdoid suture?
Parietal and occipital
What bones are joined by the squamous suture?
Temporal and parietal
Ear-related activities are part of which bone?
Temporal bone in the skull
Where is the xiphoid process attached?
The bottom of the sternum
What are the 4 types of sinus cavities?
Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid
The name of the 1st cervical bone is….
the atlas
The name of the 2nd cervical bone is…
the axis
What is the name of the cell that makes a muscle?
Muscle FIBER
What surrounds individual muscle cells (or muscle fibers)?
Endomysium
What does endomysium surround?
Individual muscle cells. It also contains capillaries, nerve fibers and myosatellites (stem cells) that repair damage.
What does the perimysium surround?
Muscle fiber bundles, which contain blood vessels and nerve supply to fascicles
What surrounds muscle fiber bundles?
Perimysium
What separate muscle from surrounding tissue?
Epimysium. It’s th external collagen layer (connected to deep fascia) that separate muscle from surrounding tissue. OR: the outer layer of a bundle of muscle.
What is a sheet of connective tissue?
Aponeurosis
What are the 3 membranes of the muscle?
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
What is the source of a tendon?
Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
