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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the parts of the Integumentary System?

A

skin & derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, & sebaceous/oil glands)

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1
Q

What’s Integument?

A

skin that covers the body

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2
Q

What is the scientific study of treatment for Integumentary system?

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

What are the 3 main layers in the Integumentary System?

A

1) epidermis
2) dermis
3) subcutaneous layer

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4
Q

Describe selective permeability

A

pass some materials, effectively block others

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5
Q

Define TEWL

A

Transepidermal Water Loss: interstitial fluids evaporate

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6
Q

Define: Insensible Perspiration

A

Release of water from sweat glands when NOT sweating.

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7
Q

Define: Sensible perspiration

A

Release of water through sweat glands when sweating

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8
Q

Describe: Epidermal dendritic cells

A

(Langerhans cells)

phagocytize pathogens that penetrated the epidermis & fights epidermal cancer cells

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9
Q

Describe: Tactile Cells

A

(Merkel Cells) large epithelial cells stimulate nerve endings that are distorted by fine pressure

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10
Q

Describe: Epidermis

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • avascular. nutrients diffusion from dermis
  • Consist of 5 stratas
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11
Q

Define strata and what are the 5 categories in epithelium?

A
  • Strata: Layers
  • Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum
  • 1,2,3 stratas= living keratinocytes
  • 4,5 startas=dead keratinocytes
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12
Q

Describe: Stratum Basale

A
  • Basal Layer (Stratum Germinativum)
  • attached to basement membrane. separates epidermis & CT
  • Consists of living Keratinocytes & Melanocytes
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13
Q

Describe: Keratinocytes

A

cytokeratin; mitosis replace dead keratinocytes on top of epithelium.
-Makes epidermis tough & almost waterproof.

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14
Q

Describe: Melanocytes

A

(meleno=black)
-branching cytoplasmic processes transfer melanosomes (pigment granules) by phagocytosis and exocytosis into keratinocytes & around nucleus to protect DNA ultraviolet rays (tanning)

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15
Q

Describe: Stratum Spinosum

A
  • “Spiny Layer”
  • polygonal keratinocytes=nondividing. attach through desmosomes.
  • Holds Epidermal dendritic (I.S. Cells)
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16
Q

Describe: Stratum Granulosum

A
  • “Granular Layer”
  • 3-4 layers of keratinocytes
  • Keratinization Occurs: cells fill up w/ keratin (protein)
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17
Q

Describe: Stratum Lucidum

A
  • clear layer; 2-3 cell layers
  • only in thick skin
  • eleidin: protein determine maturation of keratinocytes
  • dead keratinocytes
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18
Q

Describe: Eleidin

A
  • Present in Stratum Lucidum and changes to keratin in Stratum Corneum.
  • clear intracellular protein, determines maturation of keratinocytes
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19
Q

Describe: Stratum Corneum

A
  • (Corneus=horny/hornlike)
  • dead keratin layer (SKIN)
  • anucleate (without nucleus)
  • protects against pathogens
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20
Q

Describe: Thick Skin

A
  • tough & durable. sweat glands. NO hair or sebaceous glands
  • ALL 5 STRATAS
  • 400-600 um
  • soles of feet, palms, fingertips
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21
Q

Describe: Thin Skin

A
  • hair, sebaceous, sweat
  • NO STRATUM LUCIDUM
  • 75-150um
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22
Q

Define: Hemoglobin

A
  • (haima=blood)
  • oxygen binding protein in red blood cells
  • gives red tint, especially in pale skin
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23
Q

Melanin

A
  • TAN. yellow, brown, tan black tint.
  • from amino acid tyrosine. eumelanin & pheomelanin.
  • absorbs UV radiation.
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24
Q

Describe: Carotene

A
  • yellow-orange tint.

- converted to Vitamin A, good for eyes

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25
Q

Describe: Nevus

A
  • (naevus=mole/birthmark)
  • Mole
  • note changes for malignancy
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26
Q

Describe: Freckles

A
  • excessive melanocyte activity

- Depends on sun exposure & heredity

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27
Q

Describe: Hemangioma

A
  • (angio=vessel; oma=tumor)

- congenital, skin, red discolored tumor.

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28
Q

What are Friction Ridges?

A
  • “fingerprints.”
  • none identical.
  • merocrine sweat keeps from slipping
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29
Q

What are the 2 parts of the dermis layer?

A

1) Papillary Layer

2) Reticular Layer

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30
Q

Describe the Papillary Layer

A
  • adjacent to epidermis
  • areolar CT. Dermal Papille interlock w/ Epidermal Ridges
  • Brings nutrients to epidermis cells.
  • sensory receptors touch tactile cells in epidermis
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31
Q

Describe the Reticular Layer of the Dermis

A
  • “Network”
  • Dense Irregular CT w/ large bundles of collagen fibers
  • fibers connect into subcutaneous layer
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32
Q

What’s the medical term for stretch marks?

A

Stria

33
Q

How are wrinkles formed?

A
  • UV diminishes flexibility & thickness of dermis

- continuous use of facial muscles

34
Q

What are Lines of Cleavage?

A

Tension lines identify predominant orientation of collagen fibers

35
Q

Where are Blood vessels found in the dermis?

A

-At the barrier of the reticular layer & subcutaneous layer

36
Q

Describe the Subcutaneous Layer

A
  • (Hypodermis). (sub=beneath; cutis=skin)
  • NOT Integument
  • Areolar CT & Adipose CT
37
Q

Describe: Subcutaneous Fat

A
  • Predominates Subcutaneous layer
  • protects, energy reservoir, thermal insulation
  • Men: neck, upper arm, abdomen, along lower back, buttocks
  • Women: breasts, buttocks, hips, thighs
38
Q

Describe: Lanugo Hair

A
  • un pigmented downy hair.
  • present on fetus during the last trimester.
  • Replaced at birth by Vellus hair
39
Q

What is a “single hair”?

A

Pilus

40
Q

Describe: Vellus Hair

A

(veelu=fleece)

  • un/lightly pigmented
  • body covering
41
Q

What hair is coarser, pigmented, long?

A

Terminal

42
Q

Why does hair turn gray?

A

gradual reduction of melanin

43
Q

How does hair turn white?

A

absence of melanin

44
Q

What happens during the Anagen Phase?

A
  • cells rapidly grow, divide, & transform to hair.
  • 18months-7years.
  • 80-95% follicles in this phase
45
Q

What phase involves the shedding of hair?

A

Telogen Phase

46
Q

What Phase involves the involution of hair cells?

A

Catagen Phase

*3-4 weeks

48
Q

What process involves the thinning of hair?

A

Alopecia

49
Q

What causes goose bumps?

A

Arrector Pilli Muscle pulling & tightening around hair follicles

49
Q

What causes goose bumps?

A

Arrector Pilli Muscle pulling & tightening around hair follicles

50
Q

What does the hair-root do?

A

Hair Sensory Reception

50
Q

What does the hair-root do?

A

Hair Sensory Reception

51
Q

What are the 2 sweat glands?

A

Merocrine & Apocrine

*coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular layer or subcutaneous.

51
Q

What are the 2 sweat glands?

A

Merocrine & Apocrine

*coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular layer or subcutaneous.

52
Q

Describe Myoepithelial Cells

A

-In secretory glands & basement membrane.
-respond sympathetic NS stimulation
squeeze duct

52
Q

Describe Myoepithelial Cells

A

-In secretory glands & basement membrane.
-respond sympathetic NS stimulation
squeeze duct

53
Q

Describe Merocrine Sweat Glads

A
  • duct in epidermis sweat pore
  • 3-4 million; mostly palms, soles, & forehead
  • sensible & insensible; Clear Sweat: 99% water, 1% chemicals. electrolytes (primary sodium & chloride), metabolites (lactic acids), waste products (ammonia & urea)
  • Thermoregulation, Secretion, Protection
53
Q

Describe Merocrine Sweat Glads

A
  • duct in epidermis sweat pore
  • 3-4 million; mostly palms, soles, & forehead
  • sensible & insensible; Clear Sweat: 99% water, 1% chemicals. electrolytes (primary sodium & chloride), metabolites (lactic acids), waste products (ammonia & urea)
  • Thermoregulation, Secretion, Protection
54
Q

Describe: Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • duct in hair follicle
  • axillae, areola, pubic region, anus
  • sweat by exocytosis, larger lumen
  • Sweat: Viscous, cloudy, & composed of proteins & lipids activated by bacteria, SMELL
  • after puberty
55
Q

Describe: Sebaceous Glands

A
  • sebum into hair follicles
  • lubricant for skin & lubricant
  • bactericidal property
56
Q

What is inflammation of a sebaceous gland called?

A

Folliculitis

57
Q

What is a blocked duct of sebaceous gland called?

A

Furuncle (Boil)

58
Q

What is cerumen made of?

A

earwax=○ secretion+sebum+exfoliated keratinocytes

59
Q

Where are the Ceruminous Glands located?

A

external acoustic meatus.

60
Q

What do Mammory Glads secrete?

A

Milk from Breasts

  • modified apocrine sweat glands
  • in Male & Female, functional in pregnant females
61
Q

Describe Integument Regeneration:

A

replace/restore damaged w/ same cells. restores organ function

62
Q

Describe Fibrosis

A

-Severe damage replaced w/ thickening scar tissue. -does not restore organ function.

63
Q

Describe the Integument Repair Process. (4steps)

A
  1. Cut blood vessels bleed into wound.
  2. Blood clots form, leukocytes clean wound
  3. Blood vessels regrow, granulation tissue forms
    (Granulation Tissue forms in wound, vascular CT)
  4. Stratum Basal regenerates, CT fibrosis occurs
64
Q

What can possibly be damaged during the Integument Repair process?

A

Hair follicles, exocrine glands, nerve cells, muscle fibers

65
Q

What’s the difference between a hard and soft intercellular cements (extracellular matrix)?

A

Hard Matrix= strong hair

Soft Matrix=pliable & limp

66
Q

Describe: Cuticle

A

Multiple cell layers around cortex

67
Q

Describe: Hair Follicle

A

tube surrounds root hair

68
Q

How does hair get it’s color?

A
  • Synthesis of melanin in the matrix adjacent to the papillae
  • Genetic & environment
69
Q

What happens if there’s a decline of Vitamin D3?

A

Vitamin D3 decreases= decline in calcium & phosphorus= decline muscle activity & bone density

70
Q

What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?

A
  • First stage skin cancer.
  • originates in stratum basale.
  • Appears on face
71
Q

What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

A
  • 2nd stage skin cancer.
  • keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. -Appears on scalp, ears, lower lip, back of hands.
  • CAN TRAVEL
72
Q

What is Malignant Melanoma?

A
  • 3rd stage Amin cancer. Malignant!
  • melanocytes,
  • from a pre-existing mole.
  • Melanoma Detection: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter (+6mm)
73
Q

When do nails start and finish forming?

A

10 weeks: finger & toe nails forming from nail fields, thickened ridges of epithelium
32 weeks: fingernails
36 weeks: toenails

74
Q

What are the stages of hair growth?

A 
lanugo hair (21st week)> 
vellus hairs (birth)> 
terminal hair (childhood)
75
Q

What are the stages of mammary gland development?

A
  • primary mammary bud: 6weeks
  • secondary mammary bud: 16weeks
  • mammary pit, Lactiferous Duct, Areola: 28 weeks
  • female puberty fully developed

Anatomy (10 decks)

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