Cartilage & Bone Flashcards
Overview of common terms, structures, and formations found in the human skeletal system
What is the Skeletal System?
Dynamic living tissues. bones, cartilage, ligaments, CT that stabilizes or connect to Bones.
What is the supporting framework for the soft tissues of the body?
Skeleton
skeletos=dried
Define cartilage.
What are the components?
-Semirigid CT.
-Weaker than bone BUT more flexible and resilient.
cells scattered through a matrix of protein fibers in ground substance
What are Chondroblasts?
(chondros=grit; blastos=germ)
chondrocyte cells that produce the matrix in cartilage.
What do lacunae hold?
Chondrocytes, Osteocytes
What are the functions of Cartilage?
- Support soft tissue
- provides gliding surface at articulation (joints), where two bones meet
- model for formation later replaced by bone
What are the two growth patterns for cartilage?
Interstitial and Appositional
What is the name for internal growth of cartilage?
Interstitial
What is the name for external growth of cartilage?
Appositional
What’s the process for Interstitial Growth?
1) chondrocyte in lacunae go through mitosis
2) 2 new cells occupy lacunae
3) as cells synthesize & secrete new matrix
4) new cells push apart and reside in their own lacunae
* *New matrix=new chondrocyte
Describe the Appositional Growth Process
1) stem cells at internal edge perichondrium divide…
2) form a new stem cell & Committed Cell
3) committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts
4) chondroblasts, periphery of old cartilage, secrete new cartilage matrix.
5) Push apart & become chondrocytes in lacunae
When does Interstitial and Appositional growth occur?
- Simultaneously.
- Interstitial growth ceases when cartilage matures, but reoccurs when cartilage is damaged
What tissue types are in bones?
Name them
ALL
-Bone Tissue: (Osseus CT) Primarily present.
-CT Proper: Periosteum
-Cartilage CT: articular cartilage
-Smooth Muscle Tissue: forming walls of blood vessels that supply bone
-Fluid CT: Blood
-Epithelial Tissue: lining the inside opening of blood vessels
Nervous Tissue: Nerves that supply bone
Define calcification
- a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts)
- makes bones rigid
What’s the functions of bones?
- Support & Protect
- Movement
- Hemopoies
- Storage of Minerals & Energy Reserves: store 90% of calcium & phosphate
Describe Hemopoies
Blood cell production in red bone marrow (contains stem cells form all formed elements in blood), located in some spongy bone & medullary cavity. As children mature, red bone marrow disintegrates and replaced by yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue)
Describe Long Bones
Where can they be located?
-Greater length than width.
-cylindrical diaphysis
-different sizes.
EX) legs, fingers, toes, palms
Describe Short Bones
Where can they be located?
-Length=Width.
-Exterior is Compact bone
-Interior is Spongy Bone.
EX) Carpals, Tarsals, Sesamoid bones, patella
Describe Flat Bones
Where can they be located?
-Parallel surfaces of compact bone with internally placed spongy bone.
-extensive surface for muscle attachment & protect underlying soft tissue
EX) Skull roof, shoulder blades, sternum
Describe Irregular Bones
Where can they be located?
-elaborate/complex shapes.
EX) vertebrae, ossa coxae, skull bones (ethmoid & sphenoid)
What are the 4 different types of bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular
Describe the medullary Cavity and where it’s located?
- “marrow cavity”
- hollow
- in diaphysis
- adults=yellow bone marrow
What part of the bone is long and provides leverage and support?
Diaphysis
What cartilage promotes movement, reduces friction, and absorbs shock on bone joints?
Articular Cartilage
Where is the Metaphysis located?
Between Epiphysis & Diaphysis
Epiphyseal (Growth) Plate
Hayline cartilage that continues growing and elongating the bone as a child. It turns into the Epiphyseal line as an adult.
What incomplete later of cells covers internal surface of bones?
Endosteum
What is the periosteum?
-tough outer sheath EXCEPT areas w/ articular cartilage
-Dense Irregular CT. tough outer fibrous, inner cellular layer
-perforating fibers
-protects, anchors BV and nerves to surface of bone, provides stem cells
(osteoprogenitor & osteoblasts) for width growth & fracture repair
What is the Endosteum?
- incomplete later of cells covers internal surface of bones
- osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, & osteoclasts
- active during growth, repair, & remodeling
Define perforating fibers
-perforating fibers: collagen fibers attaches periosteum to bone. perpendicular to diaphysis
Where do osteoprogenitor cells originate from?
menchyme
What 4 types of cells are found in bone CT?
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, osteoclasts
where do osteoclasts derive from?
-large, multinucleated, phagocyte, ruffled border where it contacts bone; increases surface area exposure
What bone cells derive from fused bone marrow
Osteoclasts
What’s the Bone resorption Process?
- osteocytes secrete hydrochloric acid & dissolve calcium+phosphorus of matrix
- lysosomes secrete enzymes & dissolve organic matrix
- osteolysis occurs, ions enter tissue fluid & then blood
What process involves the release of stored calcium & phosphate from bone matrix?
osteolysis
Where are Osteoprogenitor Cells located?
How do they divide?
- periosteum & endosteum
- “committed cell”+stem cell= Osteoblast
Describe Osteoblasts
- (blasts=germ)
- cuboidal structure
- produce new bone and osteocytes
- secrete Osteoid
Define Osteoid
- Semi solid bone matrix
- calcium salt deposition= calcifies & hardens
Osteocytes
- (cyt=cell)
- mature bone cells from osteoblasts stuck in their secreted matrix
What “shells” osteocytes in matrix?
lacunae
What bone cells remove matrix and add matrix?
osteoclasts remove matrix; osteoblasts add
What’s the amount of matrix composition of organic and inorganic material in bones?
1/3 organic to 2/3 inorganic
What is the organic material in matrix?
cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
What are the inorganic components of bone matrix?
Ca3(PO4)2+Ca(OH2)=Ca10(PO4)6(OH2)
Calcium phosphate+Calcium Hydroxide= Hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite
- hardens matrix
- includes other salts (calcium carbonate) & ions (sodium, magnesium, sulfate, fluoride in calcification process
What are the components of an Osteon? (4)
- Central Canal,
- Concentric Lamellae
- Osteocytes
- Canaliculi
What structures are NOT part of Osteon Proper? (3)
- Perforating Canals
- Circumferential Lamellae
- Interstitial Lamellae
What is central to the osteon and hold BV & nerves supply to bone?
Central Canal
What are Concentric Lamellae?
- (lamina=plate/leaf)
- rings of Bone CT.
- collagen fibers oriented in one direction=gives bones strength & resilience.
Describe Canaliculi?
(canalis=canal)
- tiny, interconnecting lacuna channels, travel through lamellae,
- communication, transfer minerals and waste
What structure connects central canales?
Perforating Canals: (Volkmann Canals)
**resemble central canals.
What lamellae are internal to periosteum and/or endosteum?
Circumferential Lamellae
Describe Interstitial Lamellae?
- leftover disorbed osteons.
- incomplete/no central canal
What word defines spongy bone in between two compact bones in flat skull bone?
dipole: (diplous=double)
define trabeculae
open lattice of narrow plates of bone
Describe Spongy Bone
Porous
- primarily internal. in epiphysis
- hold parallel lamellae & trabeculae
What are osteons replaced by in spongy bone?
parallel lamellae
Describe parallel lamellae
- osteocytes in lacunae
- numerous canaliculi
- criss-crossing
What process involves the formation & development of bone CT?
-Ossification/ Osteogenesis
- (os=bone; facio=to make)
- (genesis=beginning)