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Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

Anatomy: Basics of Histology

1
Q

What’s the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of similar cells & extracellular products that carry functions

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3
Q

How do you classify epithelial tissue?

A

Number (amount) AND Shape

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4
Q

Define: Intercellular Junctions

A

close connections in membrane of lateral surfaces(side)

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5
Q

What are the Intercellular Junctions?

A 
Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens), 
Adhering Junctions (Zonula Adherens), Desmosomes (Macula Adherens), 
Gap Junction
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6
Q

Define: Zonula Occludens

A

Tight Junction: Closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier.
EX: digestive tract

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7
Q

Define: Zonula Adherens

A

Adhering Junctions: cell junction where cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton. They can appear as bands encircling the cell (zonula adherens) or as spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (adhesion plaques).

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8
Q

Define: Macula Adherens

A

Desmosomes: (Greek: desmos=band, soma, body) buttons between cell stress points
EX: most epithelial tissues

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9
Q

Define: Basal layer

A

Basement structure: Extracellular layer in between Epithelial basal surface and connective tissue.

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10
Q

Define: Avascular

A

no blood vessels. obtain nutrients from apical surface or by diffusion across basal

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of cells distinguished by number?

A

simple- 1 layer
stratified- +1layer
pseudostratified- false layers

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12
Q

Name Cell Classifications

A

Squamous, Cubidol, Columnar, Transitional

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13
Q

Define: Endothelium

A

Tissue that forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body. It is formed from the embryonic mesoderm.
EX: blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels.

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14
Q

Define: Mesothelium

A

The epithelium that lines the pleurae, peritoneum, and pericardium (primary germ layer Mesoderm)

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15
Q

What are Glands?

A

individual/multicellular organs predominantly from epithelial tissue that secrete chemical substances

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16
Q

Squamous Cells

A

“scaly” and flat

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17
Q

Cubidol Cells

A

“cube” with round nucleus in the center

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18
Q

Colmunar Cells

A

“column”; nucleus basal

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19
Q

Transitional Cells

A

morph; change due to expanding epithelial

EX: empty bladder (polyhedral cell)

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20
Q

What does endocrine secrete?

A

Hormones

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21
Q

Merocrine (Eccrine) Glands

A

(Greek: meros=share)
package secretion in secretory vesicles, release through exocytosis
eccrine glands: sweat glands not connected to hair follicles
EX: Lacrimine (tears) gland, salivary, sweat

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22
Q

Which gland accumulates and then disintegrates?

How does it secrete it’s chemicals?

A

Holocrine Glands
secretory accumulates>cell dies>breask off>cell division at base
EX: sebaceous (oil) gland

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23
Q

Which gland’s secretion accumulates on applicable part of cytoplasm?

A

Apocrine Glands
(Greek: appo=off)
EX: axial

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24
Q

Anatomic Classification: Simple Gland

A

single, unbranched duct

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25
Q

Anatomic Classification: Compound Gland

A

branched ducts

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26
Q

Anatomic Classification: Acinar

A

expanded sacs

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27
Q

Anatomic Classification: Tubular

A

uniform diameter

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28
Q

Anatomic Classification: Tubuloacinar

A

Combination of acinar and tubular

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29
Q

What’s the purpose of Connective Tissue?

A

Support, Bind, Protect

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30
Q

What are the Connective Tissue characteristics?

A

cells, ground substance (matrix), protein fibers

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31
Q

What connective tissue is only present in the umbilical cord?

A

Mucous connective Tissue: (Warton’s connective jelly)

32
Q

Define: stroma

A

internal part of organs. abundant. structural connective tissue
physically support organs & resist external forces

33
Q

Define: Collagen Fibers

A

Unbranched extracellular,
strong, flexible, resistant to stretching, coarse, wavy bundles

25% body protein

EX: Tendons & ligaments

34
Q

Define: Elastic Fibers

A

thinner than collagen fibers.
stretch and rejoin, wavy, branch

EX: lung tissue. blood vessels

35
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

(rete=network)
thinner than collagen & elastic.
coated w/ glycoprotein.

Ex) Stroma

36
Q

Describe Loose Connective Tissue.

What are the three types?

A
  • most common type in vertebrates.
  • holds organs in place, attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues, surrounds blood vessels & nerves.
    1. Areolar
    2. Adipose
    3. Reticular
37
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A
  • contain all cell types of connective tissue
  • distort w/out damage
  • everywhere: surrounds nerves, blood vessels, & individual muscle cells.
  • subcutaneous layer to the skin
  • fibroblast cells
38
Q

Describe Adipose Connective Tissue

A
  • Adipocytes: (white fat) loose, primarily of cells
  • padding, cushions shocks, storage

Ex) FAT

39
Q

Describe: Reticular Connective Tissue

A

reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes
forms stoma of lymphatic organs
EX: Immune system

40
Q

Describe Dense Connective Tissue.

What are the 3 types?

A
  • protein fibers, less ground substance than loose tissue.
    1. Dense Regular
    2. Dense Irregular
    3. Elastic
41
Q

Define: Fibroblasts

A

fibroblasts are widely dispersed in dense CT; irregular branching cells that secrete strong fibrous proteins and proteoglycans as an extracellular matrix.

42
Q

Describe: Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

-fibers packed tightly parallel
-single direction stress
-few blood vessels=long healing process
EX) tendons & ligaments.

43
Q

Describe: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

-bundles of collagen fibers, span all directions
-support stress from multiple directions
EX) deep portion of dermis

44
Q

Describe: Elastic Connective Tissue

A

-branching elastic fibers & fibroblasts than loose
morph
EX: vocal cords

45
Q

Describe: Hyaline Cartilage

A

-a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage
-most abundant & weakest
EX: joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton.

46
Q

Define: Fibrocartilage

A
  • contains fibrous bundles of collagen

- strongest, EX: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

47
Q

Define: Elastic Cartilage

A
  • (yellow cartilage) elastic fiber networks & collagen fibers.
  • The principal protein is elastin.EX: epiglottis, external ear, Eustachian tube
48
Q

What CT does Chondrocyte Cells represent?

A

Cartilage

49
Q

What cartilage (CT) does Osteocyte (lacunae) represent?

A

Bone

50
Q

Define: Cartilage

A

-firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms
-more in infant skeleton, replaced by bone during growth.
-Lacunae hold osteocyties within extracellular matrix
perichondrium surrounds.
-outer fibrous dense CT & inner cellular layer

51
Q

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
52
Q

What’s the amount of organic/inorganic components in bones?

A

-⅓ organic components
collagen fibers & protein-carbohydrates=flexibility & tensile Strength-⅔ inorganic components
calcium salts, calcium phosphate=compressional strength
Store calcium & phosperous

53
Q

What do bones store?

A

calcium & phosperous

54
Q

Define Compact (cortial) Bone

A
  • hard outer layer of bones, minimal gaps/spaces.
  • Its porosity is 5–30%. 80% of the total bone mass
  • smooth, white, and solid bone appearance
55
Q

Describe Compact Bone Structure

A

Osteons/ Haversian System

  • Lamellae: rings encircle central canal (vascular)
  • Osteocytes: Bone cells
  • Canaliculi: passageways in matrix
56
Q

Define Trabecular (cancellous or spongy) Bone

A

-INTERIOR. Spaces. strong & lightweight
-highly vascular, contains red bone marrow where haematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs.
EX) Ends of long bones, proximal to joints, within the interior of vertebrae.

57
Q

What type of connective tissue is “fluid”?

A

Blood

58
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

59
Q

What are leukocytes? What are their purpose?

A
  • White Blood Cells (WBC)

- Immune system

60
Q

What are Placates?
What are their purpose?
What are they composed of?

A
  • Plasma
  • blood clotting
  • dissolved protein fibers+watery ground substance
61
Q

What do Goblet Cells do?

A

secrete mucus

62
Q

Where can mucus membranes be found?

A

-internal to external environment

EX: respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinar

63
Q

Describe: Cutaneous Membrane

A
  • SKIN (Epidermis)

- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

64
Q

Describe: Synovial Membrane

A

-“Free-moving’
-thin, well-vascularized, areolar, fibrous,
-secretes synovial fluid (lubricant)
EX) synovial joints, lines the joint capsule

65
Q

Describe Serous Membrane (serosa)

A

-reduces friction from muscle movement
-Serous fluid (transudate): thin, watery, from blood plasma
-parietal of body cavity & visceral of organs
EX) Mesothelium: simple squamous epithelium

66
Q

Describe: Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

-voluntary striated muscle made up of elongated, multinucleated, transversely striated muscle fibers, having principally attachments to bones.

67
Q

Define: Periphery

A

nucleus at side of cell

68
Q

What’s myocardium?

A

thick middle layer of heart walls

69
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

striated & involuntary (No NS stimulation)

70
Q

Define: Intercalated Discs

A

-connections, strong gap junctions between cells. nerve impulse
EX) heart

71
Q

Describe: Visceral Muscle Tissue

A
  • Visceral= Smooth
  • No cross striations.
  • contracts slower than skeletal muscle but the contraction can be sustained over a longer period of time.
  • EX) arteries, digestive tract, stomach, urinary bladder, blood vessels, heart
72
Q

What are glial cells?

A

supporting cells; protect framework for neurons

73
Q

What’s the Maturing Epithelium process called?

A

Metaplasia

74
Q

What’s the process when tissue cells increase their number?

A

Hypertrophy

75
Q

What’s the process of increased tissue size through mitosis?

A

Hyperplasia

76
Q

What is the process called when a tumor(exceeding growth) forms?

A

Neoplasia

77
Q

What is it called when tissue shrinks?

A

Atrophy

Anatomy (10 decks)

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