Integumentary System Flashcards by Natalia Bafia

Appendages

Specialization of epidermis
- pilosebaceous apparatus (hair, sebaceous glands, arrecto pili muscle
-sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine)
-nails

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Skin

2 Layers
- epidermis
-dermis
Superficial Fascia
-hypodermis

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Functions of the skin

-protection
- permeability layer
-thermoregulation
-sensory perception
-immunologic defense
-dermatoglyphics

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Epidermis

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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Dermis

dense irregular connective tissue (type 1 and 3 collagen)
- sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine)

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Hypodermis

Fatty connective tissue, superficial fascia

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Cells of the epidermis

-keratinocytes (80%)
-Melanocytes (5-10%)
-Langerhans Cells (5%)
-Merkel Cells (<1%)

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Layers of the Epidermis

Basal Layer/Stratum Basale
Spinous Layer/ Stratum Spinosum
Granular Layer/ Stratum granulosum
Transitional Layer/ Stratum Lucidum
Horny Layer/ Stratum Corneum

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Primary Healing

wound is closed by direct approximation of the would edges (surgery)

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Secondary Healing

Spontaneous wound closure is a dual process of would contraction and epithelialization

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Tertiary Healing

Wound is closed by active means after a delay or multiple days

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Keratohyalin Granules

STRATUM GRANULOSUM
- histidine rich protein
-filaggrin: filament aggregation problem
-polysaccharides and lipids
-provides keratin product for horny layer

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Lamellar Granule

STRATUM GRANULOSUM
- membrane coating granules
- primary intercellular lipid barrier to water

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Immunologic Activity

Lymphocytes
Antigen-Presenting Cells
-most lymphocytes are homed to the skin

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Merkel’s Cells

Present in thick skin of palms and soles
-akin to epidermal epithelial cells, but with small dense granules
-contain free nerve endings forming a terminal disk at the base of these cells
-neuroendocrine or sensory mechanoreceptor function

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Skin Color

Red Blood Cells: in dermal vascular beds
Carotenes: from exogenous foods stores in fatty tissue
Hemoglobin and Bilirubin: endogenous degredation
Melanin: pigment produced by melanocytes

Melanocytes

Produce melanin
-Eumelanin (darker)
-Pheomelanin (red/yellow/lighter)
Send projections superficially in between stratum spinosum cells, block UV radiation

Dermis

Deep to epidermis, support layer
-papillary dermis: type 3 collagen
-reticular dermis: tyle 1 collagen
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, arrecto pili muscle, and sweat glands

Rete Pegs

Projections of the epidermis inferiorly into the dermis

Dermal Papillae

Appendages, finger like projections of the dermis

What gives the skin protection against cross sectional forces

rete pegs and dermal papillae

Meisner’s Corpuscle

Specialized nerve tissue, sensation within skin

Hair follicles/ Pilo-Sebaceous Apparatus

Hair follicles live within the dermis
originally arose from epidermis
-sebaceous gland
- arrector pili muscle
-apocrine gland
- eccrine gland

Hair follicle layers (ext to int)

External root sheath, internal root sheath, cuticle layer, cortex

Hair follicle stages

Anagen: actively growing Catagen: regressing Telogen: resting

Apocrine sweat glands

empty contents into hair follicle. found in axillary, areolar, and anogenital regions -embedded in dermis and hypodermis -innervated by adrenergic nerve fibers and are stimulated by fear/ excitement.

Eccrine Sweat Glands

voluminous producer of hypotonic sweat, directly on skin

Merocrine Secretion

exocytosis -eccrine -apocrine

Apocrine Secretion

some parts of the cells are secreted -Mammary Glands

Holocrine Secretion

Whole cells are secreted -Sebaceous glands

Thermoregulation

Homeostatic process, maintains setpoint, biological control reflex

Thermoregulation Reflex

Internal thermosensors detect changes in core body temp and direct reflexive effector output to increase either heat loss or heat production in order to bring core body temp back to setpoint -Peripheral thermosensors: in skin - Central thermosensors: hypothalamus, spinal cord, abdominal organs REFLEX OUTPUT: - autonomic nerves (sympathetic) (sweat glands, skin arterioles, adrenal medulla) - somatic nerves (motor neurons of skeletal muscle)