Esophagus and Stomach Intro

Question 1

3 major regions of the digestive system

Answer 1

foregut- celiac trunk
midgut- SMA
hindgut- IMA

Question 2

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Answer 2

Relaxes when larynx is lifted
-External Longitudinal Layer
-Internal Circular Layer

Question 3

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Answer 3

relaxes as food approaches stomach. allows food into the stomach
- at the level of diaphragm

Question 4

Peristalsis

Answer 4

Pushes food down. Involuntary movement of the digestive tract.
Parasympathetic Vagus Nerve
Time: 4-8s for solids, 1s for liquid

Question 5

Esophagus Layers

Answer 5

Two layers
- Circular fibers: behind bolus, keeps food from going in the wrong directly
- Longitudinal fibers: in front of bolus, shorten the distance of travel, helps push food down in a wave inferiorly

Question 6

Esophago-gastric Line

Answer 6

z-line, mucosa changes into stomach mucosa

Question 7

Sliding Hiatal Hernia

Answer 7

portion of stomach projects superiorly above the diaphragm into the thorax
-esophagus doesn’t reach the level of diaphragm

Question 8

Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia

Answer 8

Portion of stomach projects laterally to the esophagus in the thorax
- esophagus is at level of diaphragm
-causes gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

Question 9

Peptic Esophagitis

Answer 9

Erosion of the wall of the esophagus due to acid from stomach in the esophagus

Question 10

Cardiac portion of stomach

Answer 10

where esophagus enters the stomach (left-side)

Question 11

Fundus

Answer 11

Where air is stored when you swallow air while eating (burp)

Question 12

Pyloric region

Answer 12

distal-most region where food moves from stomach to duodenum

Question 13

Stomach Muscularis Externa

Answer 13

3 muscle layers
1. outer= longitudinal
2. middle= circular
3. inner= oblique
NOTE: stomach is unique because it has 3 muscular layers while other GI structures have 2 layers

Question 14

Gastric Rugae

Answer 14

Mucosa+ submucosa= Gastric Rugae (empty stomach)
Folds in stomach when empty (50ml), smooth when full (4000ml)
-parietal cells make hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
-chief cells make pepsinogen

Question 15

Gastric Emptying

Answer 15

Mechanical and Chemical Breakdown
Gastrin and Parasympathetics: promote
Sympathetics: inhibit
4 hours to empty after eating, food lingers in the stomach the longest of the other GI organs
-chyme is emptied to duodenum via pyloric sphincter

Question 16

Chronic Gastric Ulcer

Answer 16

Cause: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, helicobacter pylon
-> erosion of protective lining of the stomach

Question 17

L and R Gastric Arteries

Answer 17

lesser curve of stomach

Question 18

Hepatic proper artery

Answer 18

Liver

Question 19

Splenic Artery

Answer 19

Spleen and Greater curve

Question 20

Gastroduodenal Artery

Answer 20

Greater omentum and Pancreas and Greater curve of stomach

Question 21

Vagus Nerve

Answer 21

parasympathetic foregut and midgut

Question 22

Hyperemesis

Answer 22

Projectile vomiting. Can occur when pyloric sphincter is hypertrophied and food cannot pass through