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AnaPhy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures that are part of the integument.

A
  • Skin.
  • Hair.
  • Nails.
  • Glands.
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2
Q
  • protects against U V light, microorganisms, water loss.
    
A

Protection

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3
Q
  • sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain.
    
A

Sensation

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4
Q
  • modulation of blood flow through the skin and activity of sweat glands.
    
A

Temperature regulation

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5
Q

from a molecule made in the skin when exposed to UV light.


A

Vitamin D production

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6
Q
  • small amounts of waste products eliminated.
A

Excretion

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7
Q
  • Superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
  • Protection and reduces water loss.
A

Epidermis

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8
Q
  • Deep layer of connective tissue.
  • Structural strength.
A

Dermis

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9
Q
  • Not part of skin.
  • Loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures.
A

Subcutaneous tissue.

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10
Q
  • Avascular; nourished by diffusion from capillaries of the papillary layer of the dermis.
  • Composed of epithelial cells arranged into layers or strata.
  • Separated from dermis by basement membrane.
A

Epidermis

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11
Q
  • most cells.
  • Produce keratin for strength.
A

Keratinocytes

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12
Q
  • contribute to skin color. Melanin produced by these cells then transferred to keratinocytes.
  • Same number of melanocytes in all people.
    
A

Melanocytes

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13
Q
  • part of the immune system.
    
A

Langerhans cells

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14
Q

*detect light touch and superficial pressure.

A

Merkel cells

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15
Q
  • as cells move outward through the layers they fill with keratin, die, and serve as a layer that resists abrasion and forms permeability layer.
A

Keratinization

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16
Q
  • Deepest portion of epidermis and single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells.
  • High mitotic activity; keratinocyte stem cells undergo mitosis about every 19 days;
  • one daughter cell remains in the stratum basale to divide again, while the other daughter cell is pushed to the surface and becomes keratinized.
  • Desmosomes hold the keratinocytes together and provide structural strength.
  • It takes 40 to 56 days to move from the stratum basale to the surface and be sloughed off.
A

Stratum basale (germinativum)

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17
Q
  • Eight to ten layers of many-sided cells that flatten as they are pushed upward.
  • Contain new desmosomes, lipid-filled lamellar bodies, and additional keratin fibers.
A

Stratum spinosum

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18
Q
  • Two to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells.
  • Contains protein granules of keratohyalin that accumulate in the cytoplasm.
  • Lamellar bodises move to the plasma membrane and release their lipid contents into the extracellular space.
  • In superficial layers, nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cell dies; the keratin fibers and keratohyalin granules do not degenerate.
A

Stratum granulosum

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19
Q
  • Thin, clear zone of dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries.
  • Found only in palms and soles.
A

Stratum lucidum

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20
Q
  • Most superficial and consists of 25 or more layers of dead, overlapping squamous cells joined by desmosomes called cornified cells.
  • Cell remnants have a soft protein envelop of keratin, a mixture of keratin fibers and keratohyalin.
A

Stratum corneum

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21
Q
  • this (designation refers only to the epidermis)
  • Has all 5 epithelial strata.
  • Found in areas subject to pressure or friction.
  • Palms of hands, fingertips, soles of feet.
  • Fingerprints and footprints.
  • Papillae of underlying dermis in parallel rows.
A

Thick Skin

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22
Q
  • Composed of 4 strata (no stratum lucidum).
  • More flexible than thick skin.
  • Covers rest of body.
  • Hair grows here.
A

Thin skin

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23
Q

Increase in number of layers in stratum corneum. When this occurs over a bony prominence, a corn forms.

A

Callus

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24
Q
  • Determined by 3 factors: pigments in the skin, blood circulating through the skin
A

Skin Color

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25
Q

provides for protection against UV light. Group of chemicals derived from amino acid tyrosine. Colored brown to black, may be yellowish or reddish



A

Melanin

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26
Q

processes extend between keratinocytes; deposit melanosomes (vesicles that contain melanin)


A

Melanocytes

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27
Q

deficiency or absence of pigment; production determined by genetics, hormones, exposure to light.


A

Albinism

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28
Q

yellow pigment from vegetables; accumulates in stratum corneum, in adipose cells of dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue.

A

Carotene

29
Q

Blood circulating through the skin imparts reddish hue and increases during blushing, anger, inflammation.

A

Skin Color

30
Q
  • blue color caused by decrease in blood oxygen content.
A

Gyanosis

31
Q
  • red color caused by increased blood flow.
  • Thickness of stratum corneum impacts color.
  • Thicker areas can be yellowish.
  • Pigments and other substances in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue may impart a bluish color to the skin; the deeper, the bluer.
A

Erythema

32
Q
  • red color caused by increased blood flow.
  • Thickness of stratum corneum impacts color.
  • Thicker areas can be yellowish.
  • Pigments and other substances in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue may impart a bluish color to the skin; the deeper, the bluer.
A

Erythema

33
Q
  • The most common type of cancer.
  • Most result from damage from UV radiation that damages the DNA in epidermal cells.
  • The amount of melanin affects the likelihood of developing skin cancer; fair-skinned people are at a greater risk than dark-skinned people.
A

Skin Cancer

34
Q

Three major types of Skin Cancer

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
35
Q

Three major types of Skin Cancer

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
36
Q
  • Most common
  • Cells of stratum basal
  • Varied appearance
  • Cured by removal or destruction
A

Basal cell carcinoma

37
Q
  • Cells of stratum spinosum
  • Varied appearance; may bleed
  • Most cases cured by removal or destruction
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

38
Q
  • Cells of stratum spinosum
  • Varied appearance; may bleed
  • Most cases cured by removal or destruction
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q
  • Gives structural strength. C.T. with many fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular), fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes.
  • Contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels.
A

Dermis

40
Q

pain, itch, tickle, temperature, touch, pressure, two-point discrimination.

A

Sensory functions

41
Q

Superficial. Areolar with lots of elastic fibers, dermal papillae, capillary beds. Friction ridges form fingerprints. Whorls of ridges. Touch receptors (Meissner, Pacinian, and Ruffini), free nerve endings sensing pain.

A

Papillary

42
Q

Deep. Dense irregular C.T. of collagen and elastic fibers. Also contains some adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors.

A

Reticular

43
Q
  • elastic and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than in others. Important in surgery.
  • If incision parallel to lines, there is less gapping, faster healing, less scar tissue.
  • If skin is overstretched, stretch marks occurs
A

Cleavage (tension) lines:

44
Q
  • Deep to skin.
  • Also called hypodermis.
  • Consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
A

Subcutaneous tissue

45
Q


3 types of injections

A

1) Intradermal
2) Subcutaneous
3) Intramuscular

46
Q

into the dermis; skin taut; needle at shallow angle


A

Intradermal

47
Q

into subcutaneous layer; pinch skin; short needle


A

Subcutaneous

48
Q

long needle perpendicular to skin

A

Intramuscular

49
Q

delicate, unpigmented hair of the fetus


A

Lanugo

50
Q

long, course, pigmented hair of the scalp, eyelids, eyebrows, and with puberty, axilla, pubic, and face.


A

Terminal hair

51
Q

fine, short hair on the rest of the body.

A

Vellus hair

52
Q

protrudes above skin surface.

A

Shaft

53
Q

located below surface; base of root is the hair bulb.

A

Root

54
Q
  • central axis.
A

Medulla

55
Q
  • forms bulk of hair.
    
A

Cortex

56
Q
  • forms hair surface. Hair bulb expanded base of root
  • Internal matrix is source of hair.
  • Dermis projects into bulb as hair papilla, serves as blood supply.
A

Cuticle

57
Q

part of dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath.

A

Dermal root sheath

58
Q
  • with internal and external parts.
  • Internal part contains stratum basale that may remain after injury and supply a source of new epidermis.
  • When hairs are pulled out, internal part comes out and is visible as white bulb.
A

Epithelial root sheath

59
Q

Growth and resting stages are cyclic.


A

Hair Growth

60
Q
  • cells added at base and hair elongates.
    
A

Growth stage

61
Q
  • follicle shortens and holds hair in place. Rest, then hair falls out of follicle. New hair begins.
  • The amount of time spent in each stage depends on the type or location of the hair.
A

Resting stage

62
Q

pattern baldness most common cause.

A

Permanent hair loss

63
Q
  • is spot baldness most likely due to an autoimmune response.
A

Alopecia areata

64
Q
  • Caused by varying amounts and types of melanin.
  • Melanin can be black-brown and red. Color is controlled by several genes.



A

Hair Color

65
Q
  • Caused by varying amounts and types of melanin.
  • Melanin can be black-brown and red. Color is controlled by several genes.



A

Hair Color

66
Q
  • Type of smooth muscle.
  • Extends from the dermal root sheath of the follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis.
  • Muscle contraction causes hair to “stand on end”.
  • Skin pushed up by movement of hair follicle to produce “goose bumps”.
A

Arrector pili.

67
Q
  • Holocrine (death of secretory cells).
  • Oily secretion called sebum.
  • Prevents drying and inhibits some bacteria.
  • Most empty into hair follicle.
  • Exceptions: lips, meibomian glands of eyelids, genitalia.
A

Sebaceous Glands.

68
Q

Two types traditionally called apocrine and merocrine, but apocrine may secrete in a merocrine or holocrine fashion

A

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

69
Q
  • Most common; numerous in palms and soles.
  • Simple coiled tubular glands.
  • Open directly onto surface of skin. Have own pores.
  • Coiled part in dermis, duct exiting through epidermis.
  • Produce isotonic fluid (sweat) containing mostly water and some wastes.
  • Important role in body temperature regulation.
A

Eccrine (merocrine) glands.

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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