Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AnaPhy > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone is hard and rigid; cartilage is flexible yet strong. Cartilage in nose, external ear, thoracic cage and trachea.

A

Support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

connect bone to bone.

A

Ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae protect organs of thoracic cavity.

A

Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Produced by muscles attached to bones via tendons.

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calcium and phosphate stored and released as needed. Adipose tissue stored in marrow cavities

A

Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets

A

Blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

form matrix.

A

Chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

surrounded by matrix; are within lacunae.

A

Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Collagen fibers for strength, proteoglycans for resiliency.

A

Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Double-layered C.T. sheath. Covers cartilage except at articulations.

A

Perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

More delicate, has fewer fibers, contains chondroblasts.

A

Inner Perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Blood vessels and nerves penetrate. No blood vessels in cartilage itself

A

Outer Perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Covers bones at joints; has no perichondrium Growth.

A

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

New chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery.

A

Appositional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between the cells.

A

Interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If mineral removed,

A

bone is too bendable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If collagen removed,

A

bone is too brittle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bone-building cells, produce collagen and proteoglycans

A

OSTEOBLASTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

produced by E.R. and golgi apparatus. Released by exocytosis.

A

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stored in vesicles, then released by exocytosis

A

Precursors of hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Formation of bone by osteoblasts.
communicate through gap junctions.
Cells surround themselves by matrix.

A

OSSIFICATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mature bone cells.
Stellate.
Surrounded by matrix but can make small amounts of matrix to maintain it

A

OSTEOCYTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body.

A

Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

canals occupied by osteocyte cell extensions.

• Nutrients and gases can pass through:
• the small amount of fluid surrounding the cells in the canaliculi and lacunae

A

Canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Resorption of bone.

A

OSTEOCLASTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane

A

Ruffled border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

are secreted into the extracellular space, enter the blood, and are used elsewhere in the body.

A

Degradation products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stem cells called ____ can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts?

A

osteochondral progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

from osteochondral progenitor cells

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

from osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

from stem cells in the red bone marrow

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Brittle bone disorder

A

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

caused by mutations that yield reduced or defective Type I collagen

A

CT disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

• Mildest, most common form
• Too little formation of normal type I collagen
• Bones are predisposed to fracture, tendency to develop spinal curvature

A

Type I Ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Unlike those with more severe forms of Ol, these patients have normal or near-normal stature and minimal or no bone deformities

A

Type I Ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

• Most severe

• Usually lethal within the 1st week of life due to breathing failure caused by rib fractures and underdeveloped lungs

A

Type II Ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Characterized by bones that fracture very easily, even before and during birth.
Fractures occurring before birth often heal in poor alignment, leaving the limbs short and bent.

A

Type Ill Ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Collagen fibers randomly oriented.

• First type of bone formed by osteoblasts during ossification.

A

Woven bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

• Osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts add new.
• Woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone.

A

Remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mature bone in concentric sheets or layers called?

A

lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

appears porous

A

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

interconnecting rods or plates of bone. Like scaffolding.

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Solid, outer layer surrounding each bone; has more matrix and is denser than spongy bone.
Blood vessels enter the bone and the lamellae are oriented around the blood vessels.

A

Compact Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Functional unit of compact bone is an?

A

osteon or haversian system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Composed of concentric rings of matrix around a ____ , giving the appearance of a bulls-eye?

A

central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

parallel to long axis.

A

Central or Haversian canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

concentric, circumferential, interstitial

A

Lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

perpendicular to long axis.

A

Perforating or Volkmann’s canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Center portion of the bone

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

primarily composed of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.

A

Shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In children ___ is red marrow for blood cell formation?

A

Medullary cavity

52
Q

• In adult, red marrow is replaced by?

A

yellow in limb bones

53
Q

End of the bone; primarily spongy bone covered with compact bone.

A

Epiphysis

54
Q

growth plate

A

Epiphyseal plate

55
Q

present until growth stops.

A

Hyaline cartilage

56
Q

epiphyseal plate is ossified as bone stops growing in length.

A

Epiphyseal line

57
Q

epiphyseal plate is ossified as bone stops growing in length.

A

Epiphyseal line

58
Q

Connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone.

A

Periosteum

59
Q

is dense irregular collagenous CT containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Outer fibrous layer

60
Q

is dense irregular collagenous CT containing blood vessels and nerves.

A

Outer fibrous layer

61
Q

is a single layer of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteochondral progenitor cells.

A

inner fibrous layer

62
Q

some periosteal fibers penetrate through the periosteum and into the bone. Strengthen attachment of tendon to bone.

A

Perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

63
Q

Single cellular layer of CT that lines all internal spaces of all cavities within the bones, such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone.

A

Endosteum

64
Q

Includes osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.

A

Endosteum

65
Q

No diaphyses, epiphyses.
Sandwich of spongy between compact bone.

A

Flat bones

66
Q

Compact bone that surrounds spongy bone center; similar to structure of epiphyses of long bones.

A

Short and irregular bones.

67
Q

air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes.

A

sinuses

68
Q

Takes place in embryonic connective tissue membrane.

A

Intramembranous ossification

69
Q

Takes place in cartilage.

A

Endochondral ossification

70
Q

Takes place in connective tissue membrane formed from embryonic mesenchyme.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

71
Q

locations in membrane where ossification begins.

A

Centers of ossification

72
Q

large membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones; unossified.

A

Fontanels

73
Q

Some embryonic mesenchymal cells in the connective tissue membrane differentiate into osteochondral progenitor cells which then form osteoblasts.

A

Osteoblast formation

74
Q

Additional osteoblasts gather on the surfaces of the trabeculae and produce more bone, thereby causing the trabeculae to become larger and longer.

A

Spongy bone formation

75
Q

forms as the trabeculae join together in an interconnected network of trabeculae separated by spaces.

A

Spongy bone

76
Q

Cells within the spaces of the spongy bone specialize to form red bone marrow, and cells surrounding the developing bone specialize to form the periosteum.

A

Compact bone formation

77
Q

converts woven bone to lamellar bone and contributes to the final shape of the bone.

A

Remodeling

78
Q

Forms bones of the base of the skull, part of the mandible, epiphyses of the clavicles, and most of remaining bones of skeletal system.

A

Endochondral Ossification

79
Q

formation begins at end of fourth week of development.

A

Cartilage

80
Q

Embryonic mesenchyme cells aggregate in regions of future bone formation.

A

Cartilage Model Formation

81
Q

As the chondroblasts are surrounded by cartilage matrix, they become?

A

chondrocytes

82
Q

is continuous with tissue that will become the joint capsule later in development.

A

perichondrium

83
Q

When blood vessels invade the perichondrium surrounding the cartilage model, osteochondral progenitor cells within the perichondrium become osteoblasts that produce compact bone on the surface of the cartilage model, forming a?

A

Bone Collar Formation

84
Q

Blood vessels grow into the enlarged lacunae of the calcified cartilage.

A

Primary Ossification Center Formation

85
Q

forms as osteoblasts produce bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage.

A

primary ossification center

86
Q

These centers are created in the epiphyses by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphyses.

A

Secondary Ossification Center Formation

87
Q

appear during early fetal development, whereas secondary ossification appear later.

A

Primary ossification centers

88
Q

In mature bone, spongy and compact bone are fully developed, and the epiphyseal plate has become the epiphyseal line.

A

Adult bone

89
Q

epiphyseal plate is ossified becoming the epiphyseal line. Between 12 and 25 years of age.

A

Closure of epiphyseal plate

90
Q

does not ossify and persists through life

A

Articular cartilage

91
Q

contain slowly dividing chondrocytes.

A

Zone of resting cartilage

92
Q

New cartilage is produced on the. epiphyseal side of the plate as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells.

A

Zone of proliferation

93
Q

Chondrocytes mature and enlarge.

A

Zone of hypertrophy

94
Q

Matrix is calcified, and chondrocytes die.

A

Zone of calcification

95
Q

The cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone.

A

Ossified bone

96
Q

is one of the most critical factors of bone strength.

A

Bone width

97
Q

Lack of calcium, protein and other nutrients during growth and development can cause bones to be small.

A

Nutrition

98
Q

Necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines.
Can be ingested or manufactured in the body.

A

Vitamin D

99
Q

lack of vitamin D during childhood.

A

Rickets

100
Q

During this process, cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by bone.

A

Bone Repair

101
Q

lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones.

A

Osteomalacia

102
Q

Necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts.

A

Vitamin C

103
Q

deficiency of vitamin C.

A

Scurvy

104
Q

Lack of ___ also causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out?

A

vitamin C

105
Q

Lack of ___ also causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out?

A

vitamin C

106
Q

from anterior pituitary. Stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth.

A

Growth hormone

107
Q

required for growth of all tissues.

A

Thyroid hormone

108
Q

such as estrogen and testosterone. Cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of the epiphyseal plates and the cessation of growth.

A

Reproductive hormones

109
Q

excessive growth hormone secretion during growing years.

A

Gigantism

110
Q

insufficient growth hormone during growing years.

A

Dwarfism

111
Q

bones become thick or develop abnormal spurs, or projections that can interfere with normal function.

A

Too much is deposited

112
Q

weakens the bones & making them susceptible to fracture.

A

Too little bone formation / too much bone removal

113
Q

Increased stress causes bone to increase in strength.

A

Mechanical Stress and Bone Strength

114
Q

Traumatic, disease (pathological), at location of an implant on the bone (periprosthetic)

A

Mechanism of fracture

115
Q

Closed versus open

A

Soft-tissue damage

116
Q

Linear, spiral, avulsion, stress, compression.

A

Fracture pattern

117
Q

Incomplete, complete, comminuted.

A

Number of fragments in the fractured bone.

118
Q

Greenstick and epiphyseal fractures.

A

Age-specific

119
Q

Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms

A

Hematoma formation

120
Q

A fibrous network forms between two fragments

A

Callus formation

121
Q

Cartilage model forms first then osteoblasts enter the callus and form spongy bone (This continues for 4-6 weeks after injury)

A

Callus ossification

122
Q

Spongy bone is slowly remodeled to form compact and spongy bone.

A

Bone remodeling

123
Q

Three hormones control blood calcium levels:

A

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• Calcitriol (biologically active form of vitamin D3).
• Calcitonin.

124
Q

• Increases blood calcium by stimulating intestinal absorption of calcium.
• Derived from vitamin D3.

A

Calcitriol

125
Q

Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

A

Calcitonin

126
Q

is porous bones, a loss of bone matrix.

A

Osteoporosis

AnaPhy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions