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AnaPhy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition of noncellular, — and cell function.

A

extracellular matrix

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2
Q

microscopic study of tissues.

A

Histology

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3
Q

removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes

A

Biopsy

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4
Q

examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death.

A

Autopsy

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5
Q

form early in embryonic development and give rise to all tissues of the body.

A

Embryonic germ layers

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6
Q

• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives

A

Endoderm

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7
Q

• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels

A

Mesoderm

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8
Q

• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm (which forms nervous system; neural crest cells give rise to peripheral nerves, skin pigment cells, medulla of the adrenal gland, and face tissues.)

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

• Mostly composed of cells; very little extracellular matrix
• Covers body surfaces and forms glands.

A

epithelial tissue

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10
Q

connects the basal layer to underlying tissue

A

Basement membrane

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11
Q

materials must move by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

A

Avascular

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12
Q

Consists of two layers - basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

Basement Membrane

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13
Q

Consists of two layers - basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

Basement Membrane

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14
Q

consists of lamina lucida and lamina densa

A

Basal lamina

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15
Q

one layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface.

A

Simple

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16
Q

more than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical layer used to name the tissue.

A

Stratified

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17
Q

tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane, so it is in fact simple.

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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18
Q

special type of stratified epithelium where the cell shape changes from cuboidal/columnar to squamous-like when stretched.

A

Transitional

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19
Q

flat, scalelike.

A

Squamous

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20
Q

about equal in height and width.

A

Cuboidal

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21
Q

taller than wide.

A

Columnar

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22
Q

Free surfaces of epithelium.

A

Free Surface Modifications

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23
Q

reduce friction; called endothelium

A

Smooth

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24
Q

in transitional epithelium where organ must be able to change shape; urinary bladder.

A

Folds

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25
Q

increase surface area for absorption or secretion.

A

Microvilli

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26
Q

are modified as sensory receptors; stereocilia of the inner ear (not cilia).

A

Specialized microvilli

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27
Q

move mucus across the surface of cells.

A

Cilia

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28
Q

Cell Connections

A

Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells.

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29
Q

disk-shaped regions of cell membrane; often found in areas that are subjected to stress.

• Consists of an especially adhesive material between the cells and intermediate protein filaments that extend into cytoplasm of cells.

• Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.

A

Desmosomes

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30
Q

half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane preventing movement of the tissue.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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31
Q

hold cells together, form permeability barrier.

A

Tight Junctions

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32
Q

found just below tight junctions that help anchor epithelial cells to each other to prevent passage of materials between cells; provides additional strength to the tight junctions.

A

Adhesion belts

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33
Q

protein channels aid intercellular communication.

• Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.

• Function in epithelium is unclear.

A

Gap Junctions

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34
Q

protein channels aid intercellular communication.

• Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.

• Function in epithelium is unclear.

A

Gap Junctions

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35
Q

Specialized secretory organs of epithelium with supporting network of С.Т.

A

Glands

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36
Q

no open contact with exterior; no ducts; have an extensive network of blood vessels; produce hormones.

A

Endocrine

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37
Q

open contact maintained with exterior by way ducts that open onto the free surface of the epithelium.

A

Exocrine

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38
Q

• Multicellular glands with a single, nonbranched duct.

• Secretory portion can be tubular or acinar (sac-like)

• Includes simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple acinar, and simple branched acinar

A

Simple glands

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39
Q

• Multicellular glands with ducts with many branches.

• Secretory portion may be tubular, acinar or both.

• Includes compound tubular, compound acinar, and compound tubuloacinar.

A

Compound glands

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40
Q

exocytosis (most common type).

A

Merocrine

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41
Q

pinched off fragments of gland cells; mammary glands and ceruminous glands.

A

Apocrine

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42
Q

shedding of entire cells; sebaceous glands.

A

Holocrine

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43
Q

Abundant; found in every organ.

A

Connective Tissue

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44
Q

Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix. Descriptive word stems.

A

Cells of Connective Tissue

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45
Q

create the matrix.

A

Blasts

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46
Q

maintain the matrix.

A

Cytes

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47
Q

break the matrix down for remodeling.

A

Clasts

48
Q

form the structural framework of the body include bone cells, cartilage cells, and fibrous tissue cells.

A

C.T. cells

49
Q

form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.

A

Osteoblasts

50
Q

_____ form cartilage and _____ maintain it

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

51
Q

____ form fibrous connective tissue and ____ maintain it.

A

Fibroblasts and fibrocytes

52
Q

Common in some tissues (dermis of skin); rare in some (cartilage).

A

Adipose or fat cells (adipocytes)

53
Q

Common beneath membranes and along small blood vessels. Important role in inflammation; can release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury.

A

Mast cells

54
Q

Respond to injury or infection.

A

White blood cells (leukocytes)

55
Q

Phagocytize to provide protection against foreign and injured cells.

A

Macrophages

56
Q

stay in position in connective tissue.

A

Fixed

57
Q

move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue.

A

Wandering

58
Q

Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting

A

Platelets

59
Q

Have potential to differentiate into adult cell types

A

Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells)

60
Q

Three major components to the extracellular matrix: protein fibers, ground substance, fluid.

A

Extracellular Matrix

61
Q

Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic.

A

Collagen

62
Q

Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks.

A

Reticular

63
Q

Returns to its original shape after distension or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are cross-linked.

A

Elastic

64
Q

Most common molecules are called the?

A

ground substance

65
Q

polysaccharide. Good lubricant. Vitreous humor of eye.

A

Hyaluronic acid

66
Q

protein and long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans. Protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid. Trap large amounts of water.

A

Proteoglycans

67
Q

hold proteoglycan aggregates together. Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in bone, fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue.

A

Adhesive molecules

68
Q

2 Embryonic CT:

A

• Mesenchyme.
• Mucous CT.

69
Q

2 Embryonic CT:

A

• Mesenchyme.
• Mucous CT.

70
Q

fewer fibers, more ground substance; areolar, adipose, reticular

A

Loose

71
Q

fewer fibers, more ground substance; areolar, adipose, reticular

A

Loose

72
Q

more fibers, less ground substance; dense regular and irregular collagenous, dense regular and irregular elastic

A

Dense

73
Q

semisolid matrix; hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

A

Cartilage

74
Q

solid matrix; spongy and compact

A

Bone

75
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. Fibroblasts of perichondrium can differentiate into chondroblasts.

A

Perichondrium

76
Q

Types of cartilage

A

• Hyaline.
• Fibrocartilage.
• Elastic.

77
Q

gives strength and rigidity; allows bone to support and protect other tissues and organs.

A

Matrix

78
Q

collagen fibers.

A

Organic

79
Q

hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate).

A

Inorganic

80
Q

located in lacunae with a rich blood supply.

A

Osteocytes

81
Q

• Contracts or shortens with force.
• Moves body and pumps blood.

A

Muscle Tissue

82
Q

most attached to skeleton, but some attached to other types of connective tissue; striated and voluntary.

A

Skeletal

83
Q

muscle of the heart; striated and involuntary.

A

Cardiac

84
Q

muscle associated with tubular structures and with the skin; nonstriated and involuntary.

A

Smooth

85
Q

have the ability to produce electrical signals called action potentials.

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

86
Q

contains nucleus.

A

Cell body

87
Q

cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per neuron.

A

Axon

88
Q

cell processes; receive impulses from other neurons; can be many per neuron.

A

Dendrites

89
Q

are support cells of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

A

Glia

90
Q

Thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. Consist of superficial epithelial tissue and underlying connective tissue. Cutaneous mucous, serous, and synovial.

A

Tissue Membranes

91
Q

• Line cavities that open to the outside of body.
• Secrete mucus.
• Contains epithelium with goblet cells, basement membrane, lamina propria (sometimes with smooth muscle).
• Found in respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

A

Mucous

92
Q

Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane, thin layer of loose C.T.
• Line cavities not open to exterior.
• Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal.

A

Serous

93
Q

• Line freely movable joints.
• Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid.

A

Synovial

94
Q

Body responds to tissue damage or infection with an?

A

inflammatory response

95
Q

in the skin causes damage and introduces bacteria.

A

splinter

96
Q

Chemical mediators of inflammation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and others) are released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. Some blood vessels rupture, causing bleeding.

A
97
Q

Chemical mediators cause capillaries to ___ and the skin to become red and warm.

A

dilate

98
Q

new cells of same type are produced; function is restored.

A

Regeneration

99
Q

new type of tissue develops, resulting in scar and loss of some function.

A

Replacement

100
Q

capable of mitosis through life; skin, mucous membranes, hematopoietic tissue, lymphatic tissue.

A

Labile

101
Q

no mitosis after growth ends, but can divide after injury; liver, pancreas, endocrine cells.

A

Stable

102
Q

if killed, replaced by a different type of cell; limited regenerative ability; nervous, skeletal and cardiac muscle.

A

Permanent

103
Q

edges of wound are close together. Wound fills with blood.

A

Primary union

104
Q

fibrin threads start to contract; pull edges together.

A

Clot forms

105
Q

Inflammatory response; pus forms as white cells die.

A

Scab

106
Q

Replaces clot, delicate C.T. composed of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, capillaries.

A

Granulation tissue

107
Q

Formed from granulation tissue. Tissue turns from red to white as capillaries are forced out.

A

Scar

108
Q

occurs leading to greater scarring.

A

Wound contraction

109
Q

Blood vessel permeability increases, resulting in?

A

edema

110
Q

isolates and walls off microorganisms and other foreign matter.

A

Fibrin

111
Q

Phagocytic white cells called ___ then move into the tissue to help fight the infection?

A

neutrophils

112
Q

from surrounding CT migrate into the clot and produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components.

A

Fibroblasts

113
Q

cancers of epithelial tissue; include nearly all lung, breast, colon, prostate, and skin cancers.

A

Carcinomas

114
Q

derived from glandular epithelium.

A

Adenocarcinomas

115
Q

relatively rare cancers of mesodermal tissue (connective and muscular)

A

Sarcomas

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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