Chapter 1 Flashcards
sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram.
Ultrasound
examines processes in cells.
Cell Physiology
Uses high-frequency sound waves, which strike internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin.
Ultrasound
functions of organ systems.
Systemic Physiology
focuses on the nervous system
Neurophysiology
the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular physiology
scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure, such as the size and shape of a bone.
Anatomy
scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
Physiology
radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic State.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
can identify the metabolic states of various tissues.
Positron emission tomographic (PET) scans
radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and analyzed by computer.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
structures examined without a microscope.
Gross
studied area by area.
Regional
studied system by system.
Systemic
external form used to visualize deeper structures.
Surface
cellular anatomy.
Cytology
Study of tissues
Histology
similar to a CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas.
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
similar to a CT scan but uses a radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas.
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
is one step beyond CT scanning. A radiopaque dye is injected into the blood, which allows for enhanced differences when compared to a noninjected scan.
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph.
X-ray
This extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph
X-ray
create flat, two-dimensional (2D) image.
Radiographs
computer-analyzed x-ray images.
Computed Tomography (CT)
are computer-analyzed x-ray images (a). Some computers are able to take several scans short distances apart and stack the slices to produce a 3D image of a body part
CT Scan
12 Organ Systems of the body
Endocrine System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Skeletal System
Integumentary System
Muscular System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Lymphatic system
Urinary System
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.
Skeletal System
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Integumentary System
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Muscular System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic System
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female Reproductive System
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive system
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Male Reproductive System
Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous System
Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal System
Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Integumentary System
Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular System
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
Respiratory System
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
Lymphatic System
Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.
Urinary System
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.
Male Reproductive System
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. Four tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Tissue Level
two or more tissues functioning together.
Organ Level
structural and functional changes caused by disease.
Pathology
structural and functional changes caused by disease.
Pathology
changes in structure and function caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
changes in structure and function caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
interaction of atoms and molecules.
Chemical Level
structural and functional unit of living organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions.
Cell Level
structural and functional unit of living organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions.
Cell Level
group of organs functioning together.
Organ System Level
group of organs functioning together.
Organ System Level
any living thing, whether composed of one cell or many.
Organism Level
Shared characteristics between living things drive research.
Biomedical Research
Shared characteristics between living things drive research.
Biomedical Research
Single-celled bacteria
Cell
furthers human surgery and medicine.
Mammalian research
is regulated by feedback loops that allow for a process to be adjusted by the outcome.
Homeostasis
two types of feedbacks loops
negative feedback and positive feedback.
monitors the value of some variable by detecting a stimulus (a change in the variable)
Receptor
establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor.
Control Center
generates the response which can change the value of the variable.
Effector
4 Characteristics of life
- Organization
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Growth
condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among the parts of an organism
Organization
condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among the parts of an organism
Organization
the ability to used energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reactions of the body.
Metabolism
ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment and adjust; cell-to-cell communication is necessary.
Responsiveness
increase in size and/or number of cells.
Growth
maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body.
Homeostasis
Characteristics of Life
Development
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Reproduction
changes in an organism over time.
Development
change from general to specific.
Differentiation
change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development; allows organisms to pass on their genes to their offspring.
Reproduction
Regulates most systems in the body.
Negative Feedback
Counteracts a change in a variable (for example, body temperature) by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to the set point.
Negative feedback
Counteracts a change in a variable (for example, body temperature) by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to the set point.
Negative feedback
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases.
Positive feedback
Effectors continue the response beyond the set point until the original stimulus is removed.
Positive feedback
divides body into superior and inferior sections.
Transverse (horizontal)
Other than at a right angle.
Oblique
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.
Anatomical Position
lying face upward.
Supine
lying face downward.
Prone
Anterior is
Forward
posterior is
Toward the back
divides body into left and right portions.
Saggital
is a sagittal plane down the midline of body.
Median
divides body into anterior and posterior sections.
Frontal (coronal)
surrounds the heart; contains pericardial fluid.
Pericardium
surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity; contains pleural fluid.
Pleura
surrounds many abdominal organs and lines the abdominopelvic cavity; contains peritoneal fluid.
Peritoneum
contains many digestive organs (for example, stomach, intestines, liver) and spleen.
Abdominal
contains urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs.
Pelvic
cut along the length of an organ.
Longitudinal
cut at right angle to the length of the organ.
Transverse (cross)
cut at any but a right angle.
Oblique
houses the brain
Cranial cavity
houses the spinal cord.
Vertebral canal
which is further divided into pleural cavities, each enclosing a lung, and a medial mediastinum.
Thoracic cavity
which contains the heart, some major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, esophagus.
mediastinum
regions of double-folded visceral peritoneum that is attached to certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic wall.
Mesentery
provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive organs.
mesenteries
behind the peritoneum; organs or parts of organs that only have peritoneum on their peritoneal cavity side; includes the kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, part of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, and the urinary bladder.
Retroperitoneal
due to infection, can be very serious.
Inflammation
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
Cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity.
Serous Membranes
Cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity.
Serous Membranes
serous membrane that covers the organ.
visceral
serous membrane that covers the organ.
visceral
serous membrane line the cavity
parietal
serous membrane line the cavity
parietal
