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AnaPhy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass.

A

Matter

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2
Q

the amount of matter in an object.

A

Mass

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3
Q

International unit for mass

A

kilogram (kg)

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4
Q

the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

A

Weight

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5
Q

composed of subatomic particles.

A

Atoms

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6
Q

no electrical charge

A

Neutrons

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7
Q

one positive charge.

A

Protons

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8
Q

one negative charge.

A

Electrons

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9
Q

formed by protons and neutrons.

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Most of the volume of an atom occupied by electrons. Represented as an?

A

electron cloud.

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11
Q

If the valence shell is incomplete, the atom is chemically reactive and forms chemical bonds to achieve an octet called what rule

A

Octet rule

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12
Q

two or more forms of same element with same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

A

Isotopes

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13
Q

average mass of naturally occurring isotopes.

A

Atomic Mass

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14
Q

The unified atomic mass unit is 1/12 of the mass of 12C; called the?

A

Dalton (Da)

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15
Q

equal to number of protons in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons.

A

Atomic Number

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16
Q

number of protons plus number of neutrons.

A

Mass Number

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17
Q

are formed when electrons in the outermost energy level (valence shell) are either shared with or transferred to another atom.

A

Chemical bonds

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18
Q

electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

A

lonic Bonding

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19
Q

two or more atoms share electron pairs.

A

Covalent Bonding

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20
Q

solutions made by the dissociation of cations (+) and anions (-) in water.

• Have the capacity to conduct an electric current.
• Currents can be detected by electrodes.

A

Electrolytes

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21
Q

solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity.

A

Nonelectrolytes

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22
Q

Atoms, ions, molecules or compounds interact to form or break chemical bonds.

A

Chemical reaction

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23
Q

substances that enter into a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

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24
Q

substances that result from the reaction

A

Products

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25
Q

(synthesis-)?

A

anabolism

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26
Q

(decomposition;)? during chemical reactions.

A

catabolism

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27
Q

collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

A

Metabolism

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28
Q

Two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product. Collective term for synthesis reactions in body is?

A

anabolism

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29
Q

synthetic reaction where water is a product.

A

Dehydration reaction

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30
Q

A large reactant is broken down to form smaller products. Collective term for decomposition reactions in body is?

A

catabolism

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31
Q

water is split into two parts that contribute to the formation of the productions

A

Hydrolysis reactions

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32
Q

rate of product formation is equal to rate of reactant formation.

A

Equilibrium

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33
Q

loss of an electron by an atom

A

Oxidation

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34
Q

gain of an electron by an atom

A

Reduction

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35
Q

the complete or partial loss of an electron oby one atom is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another atom.

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

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36
Q

is the capacity to do work (for example, to move matter).

A

Energy

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37
Q

energy stored in chemical bonds; energy that could do work if it were released. Breaking chemical bonds releases energy.

A

Potential energy

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38
Q

does work and moves matter.

A

Kinetic energy

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39
Q

principal states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form.

A

Conservation of energy

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40
Q

energy resulting from the position or movement of objects.

A

Mechanical energy

41
Q

energy resulting from the position or movement of objects.

A

Mechanical energy

42
Q

form of potential energy in the chemical bonds of a substance.

A

Chemical energy

43
Q

energy that flows between objects of different temperatures.

A

Heat energy

44
Q

A form of energy that flows from a hotter object to a cooler object.

A

Heat Energy

45
Q

minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction.

A

Activation Energy

46
Q

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted.

A

Catalysts

47
Q

protein catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for reaction to begin

A

Enzymes

48
Q

• Increase in ___ means increase of kinetic energy.
• Molecules move faster, collide harder and more frequently.

A

Temperature

49
Q

increases, rate of reaction increases
• Example: A decrease of O2 in cells can cause death as rate of aerobic chemical reactions decreases.

A

Concentration of reactants

50
Q

substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen obonds.

• Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, calcium
• phosphate, metal ions.

A

Inorganic Chemistry

51
Q

study of carbon-containing substances.

A

Organic Chemistry

52
Q

substances attracted to water; “water-loving”.

A

Hydrophilic

53
Q

substances not attracted to water; “water-fearing”.

A

Hydrophobic

54
Q

is the attraction of one water molecule to another; creates a surface tension

A

Cohesion

55
Q

is the attraction of water molecules to other molecules; causes the upward movement of water in the xylem of plants.

A

Adhesion

56
Q

allows transport throughout the body.

A

Mixing medium

57
Q

substances physically but not chemically combined.

A

Mixture

58
Q

mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed.

A

Solution

59
Q

that which dissolves the solute.

A

Solvent

60
Q

materials separate unless stirred.

Ex: Sand and water; blood cells in plasma

A

Suspension

61
Q

dispersal of tiny particles through a medium that do not settle out.

• Milk, plasma of the blood, cell interior

A

Colloid

62
Q

measure of number of particles of solute per volume of solution.

A

Concentration

63
Q

reflects the number of particles dissolved in one kilogram of water.

A

Osmolality

64
Q

One osmole (Osm) is equal to ___ of particles in one kilogram of water?

A

Avogadro’s number

65
Q

Unit used by physiologists is ___ because of the low concentrations in the human body?

A

milliosmoles (mOsm)

66
Q

mOsm is average in the human body?

A

300

67
Q

a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions.

A

Base

68
Q

a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions.

HCI → H+ + CI

A

Acid

69
Q

Refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

A

The pH Scale

70
Q

pH of 7 or equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

A

Neutral

71
Q

pH of less than 7 with a greater concentration of hydrogen ions.

A

Acidic

72
Q

pH of greater than 7 and a greater concentration of hydroxide ions.

A

Alkaline (basic)

73
Q

The normal pH range for human blood is?

A

7.35 to 7.45

74
Q

blood pH drops below 7.35, a condition called?

A

acidosis

75
Q

If blood pH rises about 7.45, a condition called?

A

alkalosis

76
Q

a compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion.

Example: NaCl

A

Salt

77
Q

a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations; this combination resists changes in pH when either acids or bases are added to the solution.

A

Buffer

78
Q

required in the final step in the series of reactions used to extract energy from food.

A

Oxygen (O2)

79
Q

produced during the catabolism of organic compounds.

• Metabolic waste product.
• Combines with water in plasma and forms H+ thus affecting acid-base balance.

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

80
Q

bound together by covalent bonds constitute the backbone of many large biomolecules by varying the length of the carbon chains and the combination of atoms involved.

A

Carbon atoms

81
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

• Divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
• Energy sources, structure, and bulk for elimination.
• Water soluble

A

Carbohydrates

82
Q

composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

• Relatively insoluble in water.
• Functions: protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes, energy storage.

A

Lipids

83
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur.

• Functions: regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, energy.

A

Proteins

84
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.

• Examples: ATP, DNA, RNA.

A

Nucleic Acids

85
Q

One fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group; polar (hydrophilic) at one end; nonpolar (hydrophobic) at the other.

A

Lipids: Phospholipids

86
Q

composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

• Each fatty acid has a carboxyl group.
• Fatty acids combine with glycerol to form triglyceride.

A

Triglycerides

87
Q

building blocks of protein.

A

Amino acids

88
Q

covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis by dehydration.

A

Peptide bonds

89
Q

the amino acid sequence

A

Primary structure

90
Q

results from hydrogen bonding between amino acids.

• Pleated (folded) sheets.
• Helices.

A

Secondary structure

91
Q

change in shape caused by breaking of H-bonds by heat or pH changes.

A

Denaturation

92
Q

large-scale folding due to interactions within protein and surrounding environment which is generally water.

A

Tertiary structure

93
Q

Three-dimensional shape contains an ___ where reactants attach?

A

active site

94
Q

reaction occurs when reactants bind to active site

A

Lock-and-key model

95
Q

enzymes change shape to accommodate the shape of specific reactants.

A

Induced fit model

96
Q

nonprotein substances that combine with active site and make nonfunctional enzymes functional.

A

Cofactors

97
Q

Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next.
Composed of 2 strands of DNA nucleotides.

A

DNA

98
Q

sequence of bases that codes for synthesis of RNA or protein.

A

Gene

99
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

~Energy currency of the body because it both stores energy and provides energy.
~Provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism or drive cell processes as muscle contraction.
~All energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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